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7481 Update zoneinfo to 2016h
@@ -73,12 +73,11 @@
# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
# 1:00 BST British Standard (1968-1971)
# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
-# 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe (2011-2014)*
-# 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Minsk, Moscow
+# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
@@ -581,34 +580,47 @@
Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
+
+# Daylight saving time for Russia and the Soviet Union
+#
+# The 1917-1921 decree URLs are from Alexander Belopolsky (2016-08-23).
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
+#
+# Decree No. 142 (1917-12-22) http://istmat.info/node/28137
Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
+#
+# Decree No. 497 (1918-05-30) http://istmat.info/node/30001
Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
+#
+# Decree No. 258 (1919-05-29) http://istmat.info/node/37949
Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
-Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
+#
+Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 0:00u 1:00 MSD
Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
+#
+# Decree No. 63 (1921-02-03) http://istmat.info/node/45840
Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
-Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
+#
+# Decree No. 121 (1921-03-07) http://istmat.info/node/45949
+Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 +05
+#
Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
# Act No. 925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
# Act No. 967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
# Act No. 227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
-Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Russia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
+Rule Russia 1985 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
#
-Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
-Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
-Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
# As described below, Russia's 2014 change affects Zone data, not Rule data.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# Wikipedia and other sources refer to the Act of the Council of
@@ -628,10 +640,18 @@
# second time belt rules without extra hour (Moscow-1);
# b) Astrakhan, Kirov, Kuybyshev, Ulyanovsk oblasts: second time belt
# rules (Moscow time)
# c) Uralsk oblast: third time belt rules (Moscow+1).
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
+# Unamended version of the act of the
+# Government of the Russian Federation No. 23 from 08.01.1992
+# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102014034&rdk=0
+# says that every year clocks were to be moved forward on last Sunday
+# of March at 2 hours and moved backwards on last Sunday of September
+# at 3 hours. It was amended in 1996 to replace September with October.
+
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
#
@@ -749,10 +769,18 @@
1:00 - CET 1946
1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Belarus
+#
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-02):
+# http://www.lawbelarus.com/repub/sub30/texf9611.htm
+# (Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus from
+# 1992-03-25 No. 157) ... says clocks were to be moved forward at 2:00
+# on last Sunday of March and backward at 3:00 on last Sunday of September
+# (the same as previous USSR and contemporary Russian regulations).
+#
# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
# By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
#
# Sources (Russian language):
@@ -761,27 +789,21 @@
# http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
#
# From Alexander Bokovoy (2014-10-09):
# Belarussian government decided against changing to winter time....
# http://eng.belta.by/all_news/society/Belarus-decides-against-adjusting-time-in-Russias-wake_i_76335.html
-# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-08):
-# Hence Belarus can share time zone abbreviations with Moscow again.
#
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
- 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 1:00s
- 3:00 - MSK
+ 3:00 - +03
# Belgium
#
# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
@@ -1285,11 +1307,11 @@
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
-# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
+# this was equivalent to UT +03, not +04.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
@@ -1884,11 +1906,11 @@
# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
# Amsterdam mean time.
# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
-# http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
+# http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl.htm
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
@@ -2249,11 +2271,10 @@
# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
-# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
#
@@ -2325,11 +2346,11 @@
Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 3:00 - +03 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2:00 - EET
# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-21), per Tim Parenti (2014-07-03) and
# Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
@@ -2378,10 +2399,20 @@
# 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
# 77 RU-MOW Moscow
# 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
# 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
+# The Soviets switched to UT-based time in 1919. Decree No. 59
+# (1919-02-08) http://istmat.info/node/35567 established UT-based time
+# zones, and Decree No. 147 (1919-03-29) http://istmat.info/node/35854
+# specified a transition date of 1919-07-01, apparently at 00:00 UT.
+# No doubt only the Soviet-controlled regions switched on that date;
+# later transitions to UT-based time in other parts of Russia are
+# taken from what appear to be guesses by Shanks.
+# (Thanks to Alexander Belopolsky for pointers to the decrees.)
+
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-07):
# 11. Regions-violators, 1981-1982.
# Wikipedia refers to
# http://maps.monetonos.ru/maps/raznoe/Old_Maps/Old_Maps/Articles/022/3_1981.html
# http://besp.narod.ru/nauka_1981_3.htm
@@ -2419,11 +2450,11 @@
#
# http://astrozet.net/files/Zones/DOC/RU/1980-925.txt
# attributes the 1982 changes to the Act of the Council of Ministers
# of the USSR No. 126 from 18.02.1982. 1980-925.txt also adds
# Udmurtia to the list of affected territories and lists Khatangsky
-# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okurg. Probably erroneously.
+# district separately from Taymyr Autonomous Okrug. Probably erroneously.
#
# The affected territories are currently listed under Europe/Moscow,
# Asia/Yekaterinburg and Asia/Krasnoyarsk.
#
# 12. Udmurtia
@@ -2479,11 +2510,11 @@
# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
# Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
- 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
+ 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
@@ -2562,35 +2593,32 @@
# 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
# 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
# The 1988 transition is from USSR act No. 5 (1988-01-04).
Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
- 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
- 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
- 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
- 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1988 Mar 27 2:00s # Volgograd T
- 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 3:00 - MSK
+ 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
+ 4:00 - +04 1961 Nov 11
+ 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1988 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 3:00 - +03
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Kirov covers:
# 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
#
-# Europe/Kirov is still in draft form and for now is commented out.
-#
-#Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
-# 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
-# 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
-# 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-# 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
-# 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-# 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
-# 3:00 - +03
+Zone Europe/Kirov 3:18:48 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
+ 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
+ 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 4:00 - +04 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 4:00 - +04 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 3:00 - +03
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Europe/Samara covers...
# 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
# 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
@@ -2597,20 +2625,20 @@
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
# The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
-Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
- 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21 # Samara Time
- 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
- 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
- 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
- 3:00 - SAMT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
- 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
- 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 4:00 - SAMT
+Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
+ 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
+ 4:00 - +04 1935 Jan 27
+ 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 2:00 Russia +02/+03 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
+ 3:00 - +03 1991 Oct 20 3:00
+ 4:00 Russia +04/+05 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
+ 3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 4:00 - +04
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Europe/Ulyanovsk covers:
# 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
@@ -2621,11 +2649,11 @@
# Ulyanovsk Oblast ... from MSK to MSK+1 (UTC+3 to UTC+4) ...
# 920582-6 ... 02/17/2016 The State Duma passed the bill in the first reading.
# From Matt Johnson (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090051
-Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
+Zone Europe/Ulyanovsk 3:13:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
4:00 Russia +04/+05 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
3:00 Russia +03/+04 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2:00 Russia +02/+03 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
3:00 Russia +03/+04 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
@@ -2653,31 +2681,31 @@
# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
- 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
- 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 5:00 - YEKT
+ 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
+ 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 4:00 Russia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 5:00 Russia +05/+06 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 6:00 - +06 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 5:00 - +05
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Omsk covers...
# 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
- 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
- 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 6:00 - OMST
+ 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 5:00 Russia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 6:00 - +06
# From Paul Eggert (2016-02-22):
# Asia/Barnaul covers:
# 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
# 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
@@ -2719,26 +2747,34 @@
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Asia/Novosibirsk covers:
# 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-05-30):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(Spravka)?OpenAgent&RN=1085784-6
+# moves Novosibirsk oblast from UTC+6 to UTC+7.
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-07-04):
+# The law was signed yesterday and published today on
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201607040064
+
Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
- 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
- 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
- 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 6:00 - NOVT
+ 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 6:00 - +06 2016 Jul 24 2:00s
+ 7:00 - +07
# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
# Asia/Tomsk covers:
# 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
-#
-# Asia/Tomsk is still in draft form and for now is commented out.
-# Tomsk may be changing time zones in 2016 (not decided yet).
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-24):
+# Byalokoz listed Tomsk at 5:39:51.
+
# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
# Tomsk is still 4 hours ahead of Moscow.
# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-19):
# http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102075743
@@ -2745,23 +2781,46 @@
# (fifth time belt being UTC+5+1(decree time)
# / UTC+5+1(decree time)+1(summer time)) ...
# Note that time belts (numbered from 2 (Moscow) to 12 according to their
# GMT/UTC offset and having too many exceptions like regions formally
# belonging to one belt but using time from another) were replaced
-# with time zones in 2011 with different numberings (there was a
+# with time zones in 2011 with different numbering (there was a
# 2-hour gap between second and third zones in 2011-2014).
-#Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
-# 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
-# 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
-# 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
-# 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
-# 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
-# 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
-# 6:00 - +06
+# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-04-12):
+# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/(SpravkaNew)?OpenAgent&RN=1006865-6
+# This bill was approved in the first reading today. It moves Tomsk oblast
+# from UTC+6 to UTC+7 and is supposed to come into effect on 2016-05-29 at
+# 2:00. The bill needs to be approved in the second and the third readings by
+# the State Duma, approved by the Federation Council, signed by the President
+# and published to become a law. Minor changes in the text are to be expected
+# before the second reading (references need to be updated to account for the
+# recent changes).
+#
+# Judging by the ultra-short one-day amendments period, recent similar laws,
+# the State Duma schedule and the Federation Council schedule
+# http://www.duma.gov.ru/legislative/planning/day-shedule/por_vesna_2016/
+# http://council.gov.ru/activity/meetings/schedule/63303
+# I speculate that the final text of the bill will be proposed tomorrow, the
+# bill will be approved in the second and the third readings on Friday,
+# approved by the Federation Council on 2016-04-20, signed by the President and
+# published as a law around 2016-04-26.
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-26):
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604260048
+Zone Asia/Tomsk 5:39:51 - LMT 1919 Dec 22
+ 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2002 May 1 3:00
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 7:00 - +07 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 6:00 - +06 2016 May 29 2:00s
+ 7:00 - +07
+
+
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
# 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
@@ -2786,19 +2845,17 @@
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
# realigning itself with KRAT.
Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - LMT 1924 May 1
- 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
- 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk
- 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time
+ 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 7:00 - +07
-
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
# 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
# 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
# 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
@@ -2807,16 +2864,16 @@
# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
- 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
- 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 7:00 - KRAT
+ 6:00 - +06 1930 Jun 21
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 6:00 Russia +06/+07 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 8:00 - +08 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 7:00 - +07
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
# 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
@@ -2829,16 +2886,16 @@
# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
# Go with Byalokoz.
Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
- 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
- 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 8:00 - IRKT
+ 7:00 - +07 1930 Jun 21
+ 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 7:00 Russia +07/+08 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 8:00 Russia +08/+09 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 9:00 - +09 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 8:00 - +08
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Asia/Chita covers...
# 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
@@ -2851,17 +2908,17 @@
# Asia/Chita [is changing] from UTC+8 to UTC+9. Effective date will
# be March 27, 2016 at 2:00am....
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201512300107
Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
- 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
- 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 8:00 - IRKT 2016 Mar 27 2:00
- 9:00 - YAKT
+ 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
+ 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 8:00 - +08 2016 Mar 27 2:00
+ 9:00 - +09
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
# 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
@@ -2897,16 +2954,16 @@
# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
- 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
- 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 9:00 - YAKT
+ 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
+ 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 9:00 - +09
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
# 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
@@ -2920,16 +2977,16 @@
# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
# Go with Byalokoz.
Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
- 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
- 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 10:00 - VLAT
+ 9:00 - +09 1930 Jun 21
+ 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 10:00 - +10
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
@@ -2943,18 +3000,18 @@
# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
- 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
- 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
- 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
- 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 9:00 - YAKT
+ 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
+ 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 8:00 Russia +08/+09 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 9:00 Russia +09/+10 2004
+ 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 11:00 - +11 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
+ 10:00 - +10 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 9:00 - +09
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
# 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
@@ -2966,19 +3023,18 @@
# (2016-03-09):
# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201603090044
# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
- 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
- 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
- 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
- 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 10:00 - SAKT 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
- 11:00 - SAKT
+ 9:00 - +09 1945 Aug 25
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
+ 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
+ 10:00 Russia +10/+11 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 10:00 - +10 2016 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 11:00 - +11
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
# Asia/Magadan covers...
# 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
@@ -2988,30 +3044,26 @@
# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
# need their own zone.
-# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-01-03):
-# Magadan Oblast / Magadan (draft bill date of entry 2015-12-08),
-# UTC+10 to UTC+11
-# From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-17):
-# The bill is currently proposed to be approved in both the second and
-# the third readings on 2016-03-22. It might be in time to be approved
-# by the Federation Council on 2016-03-23.
+# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2016-03-27):
+# ... draft bill 948300-6 to change its time zone from UTC+10 to UTC+11 ...
+# will take ... effect ... on April 24, 2016 at 2 o'clock
+#
+# From Matt Johnson (2016-04-05):
+# ... signed by the President today ...
+# http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201604050038
Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
- 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 10:00 - MAGT
-# From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
-# If the bill passes as-is, replace the previous data line with:
-# 10:00 - MAGT 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
-# 11:00 - MAGT
-# and update zone1970.tab and zone.tab to say "MSK+08" for Asia/Magadan.
+ 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 10:00 - +10 2016 Apr 24 2:00s
+ 11:00 - +11
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-01 **** Abyysky District
@@ -3050,21 +3102,18 @@
# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
# in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
# Go with Srednekolymsk.
-#
-# Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
-# as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
- 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
+ 10:00 - +10 1930 Jun 21
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 12:00 - +12 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 11:00 - +11
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
# 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
@@ -3078,18 +3127,18 @@
# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
- 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
- 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
- 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
- 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
- 10:00 - VLAT
+ 8:00 - +08 1930 Jun 21
+ 9:00 Russia +09/+10 1981 Apr 1
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 10:00 Russia +10/+11 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 12:00 - +12 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
+ 11:00 - +11 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
+ 10:00 - +10
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
# 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
@@ -3098,30 +3147,30 @@
# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
- 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
- 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - PETT
+ 11:00 - +11 1930 Jun 21
+ 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 12:00 - +12
# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
# Asia/Anadyr covers...
# 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
- 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
- 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
- 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
- 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
- 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
- 12:00 - ANAT
+ 12:00 - +12 1930 Jun 21
+ 13:00 Russia +13/+14 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
+ 12:00 Russia +12/+13 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
+ 12:00 Russia +12/+13 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
+ 11:00 Russia +11/+12 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
+ 12:00 - +12
# San Marino
# See Europe/Rome.
@@ -3376,26 +3425,28 @@
1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
1:00 EU CE%sT
# Turkey
-# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
-# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
-# ... The latest rules are available at:
-# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
-# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
-# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
-# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
-# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
-# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
-# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
-# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
-# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
+# From Kıvanç Yazan (2016-09-25):
+# 1) For 1986-2006, DST started at 01:00 local and ended at 02:00 local, with
+# no exceptions.
+# 2) 1994's lastSun was overridden with Mar 20 ...
+# Here are official papers:
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19032.pdf - page 2 for 1986
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19400.pdf - page 4 for 1987
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/19752.pdf - page 15 for 1988
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20102.pdf - page 6 for 1989
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/20464.pdf - page 1 for 1990 - 1992
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21531.pdf - page 15 for 1993 - 1995
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/21879.pdf - page 1 for overriding 1994
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/22588.pdf - page 1 for 1996, 1997
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/23286.pdf - page 10 for 1998 - 2000
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2001/03/20010324.htm#2 - for 2001
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2002/03/20020316.htm#2 - for 2002-2006
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-25):
+# Prefer the above sources to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1985.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
@@ -3438,10 +3489,18 @@
# Confused Turks are asking "what's the time?" after automatic clocks defied a
# government decision ... "For the next two weeks #Turkey is on EEST... Erdogan
# Engineered Standard Time," said Twitter user @aysekarahasan.
# http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34631326
+# From Burak AYDIN (2016-09-08):
+# Turkey will stay in Daylight Saving Time even in winter....
+# http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/09/20160908-2.pdf
+#
+# From Paul Eggert (2016-09-07):
+# The change is permanent, so this is the new standard time in Turkey.
+# It takes effect today, which is not much notice.
+
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
@@ -3492,28 +3551,29 @@
Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
-Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
-Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
+Rule Turkey 1986 1993 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Turkey 1986 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
+Rule Turkey 1994 only - Mar 20 1:00s 1:00 S
+Rule Turkey 1995 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
- 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
+ 3:00 Turkey +03/+04 1985 Apr 20
2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
2:00 EU EE%sT 2015 Oct 25 1:00u
2:00 1:00 EEST 2015 Nov 8 1:00u
- 2:00 EU EE%sT
+ 2:00 EU EE%sT 2016 Sep 7
+ 3:00 - +03
Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
# Ukraine
#
# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,