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--- old/usr/src/cmd/zic/australasia
+++ new/usr/src/cmd/zic/australasia
1 1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3 3
4 4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
5 5
6 6 # Notes are at the end of this file
7 7
8 8 ###############################################################################
9 9
10 10 # Australia
11 11
12 12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
13 13
14 14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
16 16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
17 17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
18 18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
19 19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
20 20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
21 21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
22 22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
25 25
26 26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
27 27 # Northern Territory
28 28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
29 29 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
30 30 9:30 Aus AC%sT
31 31 # Western Australia
32 32 #
33 33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
35 35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
36 36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37 37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38 38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
39 39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40 40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
41 41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
42 42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
43 43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
44 44 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
45 45 8:00 AW AW%sT
46 46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 47 8:45 Aus ACW%sT 1943 Jul
48 48 8:45 AW ACW%sT
49 49
50 50 # Queensland
51 51 #
52 52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 55 # Queensland ceased to.
56 56 #
57 57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
61 61 # so use Lindeman.
62 62 #
63 63 # From J William Piggott (2016-02-20):
64 64 # There is no location named Holiday Islands in Queensland Australia; holiday
65 65 # islands is a colloquial term used globally. Hayman and Lindeman are at the
66 66 # north and south extremes of the Whitsunday Islands archipelago, and
67 67 # Hamilton is in between; it is reasonable to believe that this time zone
68 68 # applies to all of the Whitsundays.
69 69 # http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/austn-islands
70 70 #
71 71 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
72 72 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
73 73 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
74 74 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
75 75 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
76 76 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
77 77 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
78 78 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
79 79 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
80 80 10:00 AQ AE%sT
81 81 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
82 82 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
83 83 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
84 84 10:00 Holiday AE%sT
85 85
86 86 # South Australia
87 87 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
88 88 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
89 89 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
90 90 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
91 91 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
92 92 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
93 93 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
94 94 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
95 95 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
96 96 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
97 97 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
98 98 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
99 99 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
100 100 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
101 101 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
102 102 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
103 103 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
104 104 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
105 105 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
106 106 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
107 107 9:30 AS AC%sT
108 108
109 109 # Tasmania
110 110 #
111 111 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
112 112 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
113 113 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
114 114 #
115 115 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
116 116 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
117 117 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
118 118 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
119 119 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
120 120 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
121 121 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
122 122 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
123 123 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
124 124 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
125 125 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
126 126 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
127 127 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
128 128 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
129 129 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
130 130 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
131 131 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
132 132 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
133 133 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
134 134 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
135 135 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
136 136 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
137 137 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
138 138 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
139 139 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
140 140 10:00 AT AE%sT
141 141 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
142 142 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
143 143 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
144 144 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
145 145 10:00 AT AE%sT
146 146
147 147 # Victoria
148 148 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
149 149 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
150 150 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
151 151 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
152 152 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
153 153 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
154 154 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
155 155 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
156 156 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
157 157 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
158 158 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
159 159 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
160 160 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
161 161 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
162 162 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
163 163 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
164 164 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
165 165 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
166 166 10:00 AV AE%sT
167 167
168 168 # New South Wales
169 169 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
170 170 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
171 171 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
172 172 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
173 173 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
174 174 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175 175 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
176 176 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
177 177 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
178 178 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
179 179 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
180 180 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
181 181 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
182 182 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
183 183 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
184 184 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
185 185 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
186 186 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
187 187 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
188 188 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
189 189 10:00 AN AE%sT
190 190 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
191 191 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
192 192 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
193 193 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
194 194 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000
195 195 9:30 AS AC%sT
196 196
197 197 # Lord Howe Island
198 198 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
199 199 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
200 200 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
201 201 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
202 202 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
203 203 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 D
204 204 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
205 205 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
206 206 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
207 207 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
208 208 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
209 209 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
210 210 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
211 211 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
212 212 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 D
213 213 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
214 214 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
215 215 10:30 LH LH%sT
216 216
217 217 # Australian miscellany
218 218 #
219 219 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
220 220 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
221 221 # no times are set
222 222 #
223 223 # Coral Sea Is
224 224 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
225 225 # no times are set
226 226 #
227 227 # Macquarie
228 228 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
229 229 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
230 230 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
231 231 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
232 232 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
233 233 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
234 234 #
235 235 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
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236 236 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
237 237 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
238 238 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
239 239 # on 4 April.
240 240 #
241 241 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
242 242 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
243 243 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
244 244 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
245 245 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
246 -Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - zzz 1899 Nov
246 +Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
247 247 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
248 248 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
249 249 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
250 - 0 - zzz 1948 Mar 25
250 + 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25
251 251 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
252 252 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
253 253 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time
254 254
255 255 # Christmas
256 256 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
257 257 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
258 258 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
259 259
260 260 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
261 261 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
262 262 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
263 263 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
264 264 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
265 265 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
266 266
267 267
268 268 # Fiji
269 269
270 270 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
271 271
272 272 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
273 273 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
274 274 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
275 275 #
276 276 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
277 277 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
278 278 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
279 279
280 280 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
281 281 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
282 282 # amendments:
283 283 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
284 284
285 285 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
286 286 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
287 287 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
288 288 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
289 289 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
290 290 #
291 291 # Official source:
292 292 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
293 293 #
294 294 # A bit more background info here:
295 295 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
296 296
297 297 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
298 298 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
299 299 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
300 300 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
301 301 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
302 302 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
303 303 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
304 304
305 305 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
306 306 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
307 307 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
308 308 #
309 309 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
310 310 # which says
311 311 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
312 312 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
313 313 # 2am on February 26 next year.
314 314
315 315 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
316 316 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
317 317 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
318 318 #
319 319 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
320 320 # states:
321 321 #
322 322 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
323 323 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
324 324 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
325 325 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
326 326
327 327 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
328 328 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
329 329 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
330 330 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
331 331 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
332 332
333 333 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
334 334 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
335 335 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
336 336 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
337 337
338 338 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
339 339 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
340 340 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
341 341
342 342 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
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343 343 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
344 344 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
345 345
346 346 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
347 347 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
348 348 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
349 349 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
350 350 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
351 351 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
352 352
353 -# From Paul Eggert (2015-09-01):
353 +# From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
354 +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
355 +# "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
356 +# clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
357 +# end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
358 +
359 +# From Paul Eggert (2016-10-03):
354 360 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
355 361 # 03:00 the third Sunday in January. Although ad hoc, it matches
356 362 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
357 363 # practice than guessing no DST.
358 364
359 365 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
360 366 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
361 367 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
362 368 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
363 369 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
364 370 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
365 371 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
366 372 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
367 373 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
368 374 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
369 375 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
370 376 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
371 377 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
372 378 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
373 379
374 380 # French Polynesia
375 381 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
376 382 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
377 383 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
378 384 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
379 385 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
380 386 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
381 387 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
382 388 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
383 389 # it is uninhabited.
384 390
385 391 # Guam
386 392 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
387 393 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
388 394 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
389 395 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
390 396 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
391 397 Link Pacific/Guam Pacific/Saipan # N Mariana Is
392 398
393 399 # Kiribati
394 400 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
395 401 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
396 402 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
397 403 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
398 404 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
399 405 -11:00 - PHOT 1995
400 406 13:00 - PHOT
401 407 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
402 408 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
403 409 -10:00 - LINT 1995
404 410 14:00 - LINT
405 411
406 412 # N Mariana Is
407 413 # See Pacific/Guam.
408 414
409 415 # Marshall Is
410 416 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
411 417 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
412 418 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
413 419 12:00 - MHT
414 420 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
415 421 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct
416 422 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
417 423 12:00 - MHT
418 424
419 425 # Micronesia
420 426 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
421 427 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
422 428 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
423 429 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
424 430 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
425 431 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
426 432 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
427 433 12:00 - KOST 1999
428 434 11:00 - KOST
429 435
430 436 # Nauru
431 437 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
432 438 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
433 439 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
434 440 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
435 441 11:30 - NRT 1979 May
436 442 12:00 - NRT
437 443
438 444 # New Caledonia
439 445 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
440 446 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
441 447 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
442 448 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
443 449 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
444 450 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
445 451 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
446 452 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
447 453 11:00 NC NC%sT
448 454
449 455
450 456 ###############################################################################
451 457
452 458 # New Zealand
453 459
454 460 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
455 461 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
456 462 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
457 463 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
458 464 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
459 465 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
460 466 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
461 467 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
462 468 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
463 469 # convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
464 470 # so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
465 471 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
466 472 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
467 473 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
468 474 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
469 475 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
470 476 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
471 477 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
472 478 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
473 479 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
474 480 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
475 481 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
476 482 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
477 483 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
478 484 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
479 485 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
480 486 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
481 487 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
482 488 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
483 489 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
484 490 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
485 491 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
486 492 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
487 493 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
488 494 12:15 - CHAST 1946 Jan 1
489 495 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
490 496
491 497 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
492 498
493 499 # Auckland Is
494 500 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
495 501 # and scientific personnel have wintered
496 502
497 503 # Campbell I
498 504 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
499 505 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
500 506 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
501 507 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
502 508
503 509 # Cook Is
504 510 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
505 511 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
506 512 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
507 513 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
508 514 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
509 515 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
510 516 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
511 517 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
512 518 -10:00 Cook CK%sT
513 519
514 520 ###############################################################################
515 521
516 522
517 523 # Niue
518 524 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
519 525 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
520 526 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
521 527 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
522 528 -11:00 - NUT
523 529
524 530 # Norfolk
525 531 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
526 532 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
527 533 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
528 534 11:30 - NFT 1974 Oct 27 02:00 # Norfolk T.
529 535 11:30 1:00 NFST 1975 Mar 2 02:00
530 536 11:30 - NFT 2015 Oct 4 02:00
531 537 11:00 - NFT
532 538
533 539 # Palau (Belau)
534 540 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
535 541 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
536 542 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
537 543
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538 544 # Papua New Guinea
539 545 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
540 546 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
541 547 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
542 548 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
543 549 #
544 550 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
545 551 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
546 552 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
547 553 #
548 -# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for JST, these dates
554 +# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
549 555 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
550 556 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
551 557 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
552 558 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
553 559 # http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
554 560 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
555 561 #
556 -# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11
557 -# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call UTC+11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
562 +# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
563 +# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
558 564 # abbreviate this as BST. See:
559 565 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
560 566 #
561 567 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
562 568 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
563 569 10:00 - PGT 1942 Jul
564 570 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 21
565 571 10:00 - PGT 2014 Dec 28 2:00
566 572 11:00 - BST
567 573
568 574 # Pitcairn
569 575 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
570 576 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
571 577 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 0:00
572 578 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
573 579
574 580 # American Samoa
575 581 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
576 582 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
577 583 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
578 584 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
579 585 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
580 586 Link Pacific/Pago_Pago Pacific/Midway # in US minor outlying islands
581 587
582 588 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
583 589
584 590 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
585 591 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
586 592 # the following info:
587 593 #
588 594 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
589 595 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
590 596 # Sunday of April 2011."
591 597 #
592 598 # Background info:
593 599 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
594 600 #
595 601 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
596 602 # contain any dates:
597 603 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
598 604
599 605 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
600 606 # Please see
601 607 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
602 608 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
603 609 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
604 610 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
605 611 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
606 612
607 613 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
608 614 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
609 615 #
610 616 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
611 617 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
612 618 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
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613 619 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
614 620
615 621 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
616 622 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
617 623 #
618 624 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
619 625
620 626 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
621 627 # The International Date Line Act 2011
622 628 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
623 -# changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
629 +# changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
624 630 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
625 631 # accordingly.
626 632
627 633 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
628 634 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
629 635 #
630 636 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
631 637 #
632 638 # DST
633 639 # Year End Time Start Time
634 640 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
635 641 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
636 642 #
637 643 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
638 644 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
639 645 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
640 646 #
641 647 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
642 648 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
643 649 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
644 650 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
645 651 #
646 652 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
647 653 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
648 654 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
649 655
650 656 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
651 657 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
652 658 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
653 659 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
654 660 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
655 661 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
656 662 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
657 663 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
658 664 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
659 665 -11:30 - WSST 1950
660 666 -11:00 WS S%sT 2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
661 667 13:00 WS WS%sT
662 668
663 669 # Solomon Is
664 670 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
665 671 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
666 672 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
667 673 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
668 674
669 675 # Tokelau Is
670 676 #
671 677 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
672 678 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
673 679 # December 31 this year ...
674 680 #
675 681 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
676 682 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
677 683 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
678 684 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
679 685 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
680 686 #
681 687 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
682 688 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
683 689 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
684 690 # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
685 691 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
686 692 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
687 693
688 694 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
689 695 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
690 696 -11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
691 697 13:00 - TKT
692 698
693 699 # Tonga
694 700 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
695 701 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
696 702 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
697 703 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
698 704 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
699 705 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
700 706 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
701 707 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
702 708 13:00 - TOT 1999
703 709 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
704 710
705 711 # Tuvalu
706 712 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
707 713 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
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708 714 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
709 715
710 716
711 717 # US minor outlying islands
712 718
713 719 # Howland, Baker
714 720 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
715 721 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
716 722 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
717 723 # uninhabited thereafter.
718 -# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
724 +# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
719 725 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
720 726 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
721 727 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
722 728 # until they were abandoned after the war.
723 729
724 730 # Jarvis
725 731 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
726 732 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
727 733 # uninhabited thereafter.
728 734 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
729 735
730 736 # Johnston
731 737 #
732 738 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
733 739 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
734 740 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
735 741 # treat it like Hawaii for now.
736 742 #
737 743 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
738 744 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
739 745 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
740 746 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
741 747 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
742 748 #
743 749 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
744 750 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
745 751 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
746 752 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
747 753 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
748 754 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
749 755 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
750 756 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
751 757 # http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
752 758 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
753 759 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
754 760 # Minus One Hour".
755 761 #
756 762 # See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
757 763
758 764 # Kingman
759 765 # uninhabited
760 766
761 767 # Midway
762 768 # See Pacific/Pago_Pago.
763 769
764 770 # Palmyra
765 771 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
766 772
767 773 # Wake
768 774 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
769 775 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
770 776 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
771 777
772 778
773 779 # Vanuatu
774 780 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
775 781 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
776 782 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
777 783 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
778 784 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
779 785 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
780 786 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
781 787 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
782 788 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
783 789 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
784 790
785 791 # Wallis and Futuna
786 792 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
787 793 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
788 794 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
789 795
790 796 ###############################################################################
791 797
792 798 # NOTES
793 799
794 800 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
795 801 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
796 802 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
797 803 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
798 804
799 805 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
800 806 #
801 807 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
802 808 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
803 809 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
804 810 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
805 811 #
806 812 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
807 813 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
808 814 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
809 815 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
810 816 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
811 817 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
812 818 #
813 819 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
814 820 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
815 821 # I found in the UCLA library.
816 822 #
817 823 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
818 824 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
819 825 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
820 826 #
821 827 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
822 828 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
823 829 #
824 830 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
825 831 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
826 832 # Corrections are welcome!
827 833 # std dst
828 834 # LMT Local Mean Time
829 835 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
830 836 # 8:45 ACWST ACWDT Central Western Australia*
831 837 # 9:00 JST Japan
832 838 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
833 839 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
834 840 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
835 841 # 10:30 LHST LHDT Lord Howe*
836 842 # 11:00 BST Bougainville*
837 843 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
838 844 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
839 845 # 12:15 CHAST Chatham through 1945*
840 846 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham 1946-present*
841 847 # 13:00 WSST WSDT (western) Samoa 2011-present*
842 848 # -11:30 WSST Western Samoa through 1950*
843 849 # -11:00 SST Samoa
844 850 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
845 851 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
846 852 #
847 853 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
848 854 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
849 855
850 856 ###############################################################################
851 857
852 858 # Australia
853 859
854 860 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
855 861 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
856 862 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
857 863 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
858 864 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
859 865 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
860 866 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
861 867 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
862 868 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
863 869 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
864 870 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
865 871 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
866 872
867 873 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
868 874 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
869 875 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
870 876 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
871 877
872 878 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
873 879 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
874 880 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
875 881 # covers New South Wales in particular.
876 882
877 883 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
878 884 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
879 885 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
880 886 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
881 887 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
882 888 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
883 889 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
884 890 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
885 891 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
886 892 # time'.
887 893 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
888 894 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
889 895 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
890 896 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
891 897 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
892 898 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
893 899 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
894 900
895 901 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
896 902 #
897 903 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
898 904 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
899 905 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
900 906 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
901 907 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
902 908 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
903 909 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
904 910 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
905 911 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
906 912 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
907 913 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
908 914 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
909 915 #
910 916 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
911 917 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
912 918 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
913 919 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
914 920 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
915 921 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
916 922 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
917 923 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
918 924 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
919 925 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
920 926 #
921 927 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
922 928 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
923 929 #
924 930 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
925 931 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
926 932 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
927 933 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
928 934 #
929 935 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
930 936 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
931 937 #
932 938 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
933 939 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
934 940 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
935 941 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
936 942 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
937 943 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
938 944 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
939 945 #
940 946 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
941 947 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
942 948 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
943 949 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
944 950 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
945 951 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
946 952 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
947 953 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
948 954 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
949 955 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
950 956 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
951 957 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
952 958 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
953 959 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
954 960 #
955 961 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
956 962 #
957 963 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
958 964 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
959 965 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
960 966 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
961 967 #
962 968 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
963 969 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
964 970 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
965 971 #
966 972 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
967 973 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
968 974 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
969 975 #
970 976 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
971 977 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
972 978 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
973 979 #
974 980 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
975 981 # http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
976 982 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
977 983 #
978 984 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
979 985 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
980 986 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
981 987 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
982 988 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
983 989 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
984 990 #
985 991 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
986 992 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
987 993 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
988 994 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
989 995 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
990 996 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
991 997 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
992 998 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
993 999 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
994 1000
995 1001 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
996 1002 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
997 1003 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
998 1004 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
999 1005 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
1000 1006 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
1001 1007 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
1002 1008
1003 1009 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
1004 1010 #
1005 1011 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
1006 1012 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
1007 1013 # relevant entries in this database.
1008 1014 #
1009 1015 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
1010 1016 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
1011 1017 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
1012 1018 # ACT
1013 1019 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
1014 1020 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
1015 1021 # SA
1016 1022 # Standard Time Act, 1898
1017 1023 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
1018 1024
1019 1025 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
1020 1026 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
1021 1027 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
1022 1028 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
1023 1029 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
1024 1030 #
1025 1031 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
1026 1032 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
1027 1033 # to extend DST together in 2006.
1028 1034 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
1029 1035 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
1030 1036 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1031 1037 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1032 1038 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1033 1039 # allude to it.
1034 1040 # But not Queensland
1035 1041 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1036 1042
1037 1043 # Northern Territory
1038 1044
1039 1045 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1040 1046 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1041 1047 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1042 1048 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1043 1049 # ...
1044 1050 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1045 1051
1046 1052 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1047 1053 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1048 1054 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1049 1055
1050 1056 # Western Australia
1051 1057
1052 1058 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1053 1059 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1054 1060 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1055 1061 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1056 1062 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1057 1063 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1058 1064 # # before reaching parliament.
1059 1065 # ...
1060 1066 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1061 1067 # ...
1062 1068 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1063 1069 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1064 1070 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1065 1071 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1066 1072
1067 1073 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1068 1074 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1069 1075 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1070 1076
1071 1077 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1072 1078 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1073 1079 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1074 1080 # work at 9.00am.)
1075 1081 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1076 1082 # everybody again.
1077 1083
1078 1084 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1079 1085 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1080 1086 # it matches what was used in the past.
1081 1087
1082 1088 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1083 1089 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1084 1090 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1085 1091 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1086 1092
1087 1093 # Queensland
1088 1094 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1089 1095 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1090 1096 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1091 1097 # ...
1092 1098 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1093 1099 # ...
1094 1100 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1095 1101 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1096 1102 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1097 1103 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1098 1104
1099 1105 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1100 1106 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1101 1107 # October 1989).
1102 1108
1103 1109 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1104 1110 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1105 1111 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1106 1112 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1107 1113
1108 1114 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1109 1115 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1110 1116 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1111 1117 # me.)
1112 1118
1113 1119 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1114 1120 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1115 1121 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1116 1122 # ...
1117 1123 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1118 1124 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1119 1125 # ...
1120 1126
1121 1127 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1122 1128 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1123 1129
1124 1130 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1125 1131 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1126 1132 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1127 1133 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1128 1134
1129 1135 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1130 1136 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1131 1137 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1132 1138 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1133 1139 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1134 1140 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1135 1141 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1136 1142 # Australia and Western Australia....
1137 1143 #
1138 1144 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1139 1145 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1140 1146 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1141 1147 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1142 1148 #
1143 1149 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1144 1150 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1145 1151 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1146 1152 # coast of the continent.
1147 1153 #
1148 1154 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1149 1155 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1150 1156 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1151 1157 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1152 1158 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1153 1159 #
1154 1160 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1155 1161 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1156 1162 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1157 1163 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1158 1164 #
1159 1165 # (2006-12-09):
1160 1166 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1161 1167 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1162 1168 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1163 1169 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1164 1170
1165 1171 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1166 1172 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1167 1173 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1168 1174
1169 1175
1170 1176 # southeast Australia
1171 1177 #
1172 1178 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1173 1179 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1174 1180 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1175 1181 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1176 1182
1177 1183
1178 1184 # South Australia
1179 1185
1180 1186 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1181 1187 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1182 1188 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1183 1189 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1184 1190
1185 1191 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1186 1192 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1187 1193 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1188 1194 # ...
1189 1195 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1190 1196 # ...
1191 1197 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1192 1198 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1193 1199 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1194 1200 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1195 1201
1196 1202 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1197 1203 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1198 1204 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1199 1205 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1200 1206
1201 1207 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1202 1208 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1203 1209 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1204 1210 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1205 1211 # is on...
1206 1212
1207 1213 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1208 1214 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1209 1215 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1210 1216 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1211 1217
1212 1218 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1213 1219 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1214 1220 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1215 1221 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1216 1222
1217 1223 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1218 1224 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1219 1225 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1220 1226 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1221 1227
1222 1228 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1223 1229 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1224 1230
1225 1231 # Tasmania
1226 1232
1227 1233 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1228 1234 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1229 1235 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1230 1236 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1231 1237
1232 1238 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1233 1239 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1234 1240 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1235 1241 # (but nothing new about that).
1236 1242
1237 1243 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1238 1244 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1239 1245 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1240 1246 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1241 1247 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1242 1248 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1243 1249
1244 1250 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1245 1251 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1246 1252
1247 1253 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1248 1254 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1249 1255
1250 1256 # Victoria
1251 1257
1252 1258 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1253 1259 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1254 1260 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1255 1261 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1256 1262
1257 1263 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1258 1264 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1259 1265 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1260 1266 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1261 1267 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1262 1268 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1263 1269 #
1264 1270 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1265 1271 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1266 1272 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1267 1273 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1268 1274 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1269 1275 # expected time.
1270 1276 #
1271 1277 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1272 1278 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1273 1279 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1274 1280 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1275 1281 #
1276 1282 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1277 1283 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1278 1284
1279 1285 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1280 1286 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1281 1287
1282 1288 # New South Wales
1283 1289
1284 1290 # From Arthur David Olson:
1285 1291 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1286 1292 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1287 1293 # who notes:
1288 1294 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1289 1295 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1290 1296 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1291 1297 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1292 1298 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1293 1299 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1294 1300
1295 1301 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1296 1302 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1297 1303 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1298 1304 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1299 1305 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1300 1306
1301 1307 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1302 1308 # See the following official NSW source:
1303 1309 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1304 1310 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1305 1311 #
1306 1312 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1307 1313 # daylight saving next year. See:
1308 1314 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1309 1315 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1310 1316 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1311 1317 #
1312 1318 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1313 1319 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1314 1320 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1315 1321 #
1316 1322 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1317 1323 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1318 1324 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1319 1325 #
1320 1326 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1321 1327 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1322 1328 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1323 1329 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1324 1330 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1325 1331 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1326 1332 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1327 1333 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1328 1334 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1329 1335 #
1330 1336 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1331 1337 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1332 1338 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1333 1339
1334 1340 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1335 1341 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1336 1342 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1337 1343
1338 1344 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1339 1345 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1340 1346 # towns to use Queensland time.
1341 1347
1342 1348 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1343 1349 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1344 1350
1345 1351 # Yancowinna
1346 1352
1347 1353 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1348 1354 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1349 1355
1350 1356 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1351 1357 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1352 1358 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1353 1359 # ...
1354 1360 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1355 1361 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1356 1362 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1357 1363 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1358 1364 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1359 1365 # # presently available.
1360 1366 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1361 1367 # ...
1362 1368 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1363 1369 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1364 1370 # [followed by other Rules]
1365 1371
1366 1372 # Lord Howe Island
1367 1373
1368 1374 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1369 1375 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1370 1376 # [ Dec 1990 ]
1371 1377 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1372 1378 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1373 1379
1374 1380 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1375 1381 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1376 1382 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1377 1383 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1378 1384 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1379 1385 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1380 1386 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1381 1387 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1382 1388 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1383 1389 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1384 1390
1385 1391 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1386 1392 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1387 1393 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1388 1394 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1389 1395 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1390 1396 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1391 1397
1392 1398 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1393 1399 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1394 1400 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1395 1401
1396 1402 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1397 1403 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1398 1404
1399 1405 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1400 1406 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1401 1407 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1402 1408 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1403 1409 #
1404 1410 # From
1405 1411 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1406 1412 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1407 1413 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1408 1414 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1409 1415 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1410 1416 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1411 1417 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1412 1418 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1413 1419 #
1414 1420 # We have a wrap-up here:
1415 1421 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1416 1422 ###############################################################################
1417 1423
1418 1424 # New Zealand
1419 1425
1420 1426 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1421 1427 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1422 1428 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1423 1429 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1424 1430 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1425 1431
1426 1432 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1427 1433 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1428 1434 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1429 1435 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1430 1436 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1431 1437 # ...
1432 1438 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1433 1439 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1434 1440 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1435 1441 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1436 1442 # ...
1437 1443 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1438 1444 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1439 1445
1440 1446 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1441 1447 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1442 1448 # rather than the October 1 value.
1443 1449
1444 1450 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1445 1451 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1446 1452 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1447 1453 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1448 1454 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1449 1455 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1450 1456 #
1451 1457 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1452 1458 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1453 1459 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1454 1460 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1455 1461 #
1456 1462 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1457 1463 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1458 1464 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1459 1465
1460 1466 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1461 1467 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1462 1468 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1463 1469 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1464 1470 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1465 1471
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1466 1472 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1467 1473 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1468 1474 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1469 1475 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1470 1476 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1471 1477 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1472 1478 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1473 1479 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1474 1480 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1475 1481 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1476 -# LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1482 +# LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1477 1483 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1478 1484
1479 1485 ###############################################################################
1480 1486
1481 1487
1482 1488 # Fiji
1483 1489
1484 1490 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1485 1491 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1486 1492 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1487 1493
1488 1494 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1489 1495 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1490 1496 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1491 1497 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1492 1498
1493 1499 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1494 1500 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1495 1501
1496 1502 # From the BBC World Service in
1497 1503 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1498 1504 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1499 1505 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1500 1506 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1501 1507 # of the new millennium.
1502 1508
1503 1509 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1504 1510 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1505 1511
1506 1512
1507 1513 # Kiribati
1508 1514
1509 1515 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1510 1516 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1511 1517 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1512 1518 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1513 1519
1514 1520
1515 1521 # Kwajalein
1516 1522
1517 1523 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1518 1524 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1519 1525 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1520 1526 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1521 1527 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
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1522 1528
1523 1529
1524 1530 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1525 1531
1526 1532 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1527 1533 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1528 1534 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1529 1535 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1530 1536 # see Asia/Manila.
1531 1537
1532 -# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1538 +# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1533 1539 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1534 1540 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1535 1541 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1536 1542
1537 1543
1538 1544 # Micronesia
1539 1545
1540 1546 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1541 1547 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1542 1548 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1543 1549 #
1544 -# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1550 +# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1545 1551 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1546 1552
1547 1553 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1548 1554 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1549 1555 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1550 1556 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1551 -# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1552 -# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1557 +# that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1558 +# We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1553 1559
1554 1560
1555 1561 # Midway
1556 1562
1557 1563 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1558 1564 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1559 1565 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1560 1566 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1561 1567 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1562 1568 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1563 1569 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1564 1570 # air at 6am your time.
1565 1571 #
1566 1572 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1567 1573 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1568 1574 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1569 1575 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1570 1576
1571 1577 # Norfolk
1572 1578
1573 1579 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2015-09-23):
1574 1580 # Norfolk Island will change ... from +1130 to +1100:
1575 1581 # https://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/F2015L01483/Explanatory%20Statement/Text
1576 1582 # ... at 12.30 am (by legal time in New South Wales) on 4 October 2015.
1577 1583 # http://www.norfolkisland.gov.nf/nia/MediaRelease/Media%20Release%20Norfolk%20Island%20Standard%20Time%20Change.pdf
1578 1584
1579 1585 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-23):
1580 1586 # Transitions before 2015 are from timeanddate.com, which consulted
1581 1587 # the Norfolk Island Museum and the Australian Bureau of Meteorology's
1582 1588 # Norfolk Island station, and found no record of Norfolk observing DST
1583 1589 # other than in 1974/5. See:
1584 1590 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/australia/norfolk-island.html
1585 1591
1586 1592 # Pitcairn
1587 1593
1588 1594 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1589 1595 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1590 1596 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1591 1597 #
1592 1598 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1593 1599 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1594 1600 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1595 1601 #
1596 1602 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1597 1603 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1598 1604 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1599 1605
1600 1606 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1601 1607 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1602 1608 # ... at midnight.
1603 1609
1604 1610 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1605 1611 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1606 1612 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1607 1613 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
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1608 1614
1609 1615
1610 1616 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1611 1617
1612 1618 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1613 1619 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1614 1620 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1615 1621 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1616 1622 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1617 1623
1618 -# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
1619 -# in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
1624 +# Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1625 +# in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1620 1626 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1621 1627 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1622 -# Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
1628 +# Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1623 1629 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1624 1630 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1625 1631 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1626 1632
1627 1633 # Tonga
1628 1634
1629 1635 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1630 1636 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1631 1637 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1632 1638 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1633 1639
1634 1640 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1635 1641 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1636 1642 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1637 1643 #
1638 1644 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1639 1645 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1640 1646 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1641 1647 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1642 1648 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1643 1649 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1644 1650 #
1645 1651 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1646 1652 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1647 1653 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1648 1654 #
1649 1655 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1650 1656 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1651 1657 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1652 1658 # minutes we have lost?"
1653 1659 #
1654 1660 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1655 1661 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1656 1662 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1657 1663
1658 1664 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1659 1665 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1660 1666
1661 1667 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1662 1668 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1663 1669 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1664 1670 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1665 1671 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1666 1672 # Government.
1667 1673
1668 1674 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1669 1675 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1670 1676 #
1671 1677 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1672 1678 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1673 1679 #
1674 1680 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1675 1681 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1676 1682 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1677 1683 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1678 1684
1679 1685 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1680 1686 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1681 1687 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1682 1688 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1683 1689 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1684 1690 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1685 1691 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1686 1692 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1687 1693
1688 1694 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1689 1695 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1690 1696 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1691 1697
1692 1698 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1693 1699 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1694 1700 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1695 1701 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1696 1702 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1697 1703 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1698 1704 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1699 1705
1700 1706 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1701 1707 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1702 1708
1703 1709 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1704 1710 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1705 1711 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1706 1712 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1707 1713 # hour to 1:00am.
1708 1714
1709 1715 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1710 1716 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1711 1717
1712 1718
1713 1719 # Wake
1714 1720
1715 1721 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1716 1722 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1717 1723 #
1718 1724 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1719 1725 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1720 1726 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1721 1727 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1722 1728 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1723 1729 # impossible.
1724 1730 #
1725 1731 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1726 1732
1727 1733 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1728 1734 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1729 1735
1730 1736 ###############################################################################
1731 1737
1732 1738 # The International Date Line
1733 1739
1734 1740 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1735 1741 #
1736 1742 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1737 1743 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1738 1744 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1739 1745 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1740 1746 #
1741 1747 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1742 1748 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1743 1749 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1744 1750 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1745 1751 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1746 1752 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1747 1753 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1748 1754 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1749 1755 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1750 1756 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1751 1757 # correct date is ambiguous.
1752 1758
1753 1759 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1754 1760 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1755 1761 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1756 1762 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1757 1763 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1758 1764 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1759 1765 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1760 1766 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1761 1767 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1762 1768 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1763 1769 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1764 1770 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1765 1771 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1766 1772
1767 1773 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1768 1774 # (2005-03-20):
1769 1775 #
1770 1776 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1771 1777 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1772 1778 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1773 1779 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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