226 #
227 # Macquarie
228 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
229 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
230 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
231 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
232 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
233 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
234 #
235 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
236 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
237 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
238 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
239 # on 4 April.
240 #
241 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
242 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
243 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
244 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
245 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
246 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - zzz 1899 Nov
247 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
248 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
249 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
250 0 - zzz 1948 Mar 25
251 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
252 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
253 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time
254
255 # Christmas
256 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
257 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
258 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
259
260 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
261 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
262 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
263 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
264 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
265 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
266
267
268 # Fiji
269
270 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
333 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
334 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
335 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
336 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
337
338 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
339 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
340 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
341
342 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
343 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
344 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
345
346 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
347 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
348 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
349 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
350 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
351 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
352
353 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-01):
354 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
355 # 03:00 the third Sunday in January. Although ad hoc, it matches
356 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
357 # practice than guessing no DST.
358
359 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
360 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
361 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
362 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
363 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
364 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
365 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
366 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
367 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
368 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
369 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
370 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
371 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
372 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
373
528 11:30 - NFT 1974 Oct 27 02:00 # Norfolk T.
529 11:30 1:00 NFST 1975 Mar 2 02:00
530 11:30 - NFT 2015 Oct 4 02:00
531 11:00 - NFT
532
533 # Palau (Belau)
534 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
535 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
536 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
537
538 # Papua New Guinea
539 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
540 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
541 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
542 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
543 #
544 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
545 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
546 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
547 #
548 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for JST, these dates
549 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
550 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
551 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
552 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
553 # http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
554 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
555 #
556 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11
557 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call UTC+11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
558 # abbreviate this as BST. See:
559 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
560 #
561 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
562 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
563 10:00 - PGT 1942 Jul
564 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 21
565 10:00 - PGT 2014 Dec 28 2:00
566 11:00 - BST
567
568 # Pitcairn
569 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
570 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
571 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 0:00
572 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
573
574 # American Samoa
575 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
576 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
577 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
603 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
604 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
605 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
606
607 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
608 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
609 #
610 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
611 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
612 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
613 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
614
615 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
616 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
617 #
618 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
619
620 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
621 # The International Date Line Act 2011
622 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
623 # changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
624 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
625 # accordingly.
626
627 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
628 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
629 #
630 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
631 #
632 # DST
633 # Year End Time Start Time
634 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
635 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
636 #
637 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
638 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
639 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
640 #
641 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
642 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
643 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
698 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
699 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
700 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
701 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
702 13:00 - TOT 1999
703 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
704
705 # Tuvalu
706 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
707 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
708 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
709
710
711 # US minor outlying islands
712
713 # Howland, Baker
714 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
715 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
716 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
717 # uninhabited thereafter.
718 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
719 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
720 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
721 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
722 # until they were abandoned after the war.
723
724 # Jarvis
725 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
726 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
727 # uninhabited thereafter.
728 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
729
730 # Johnston
731 #
732 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
733 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
734 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
735 # treat it like Hawaii for now.
736 #
737 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
738 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
1456 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1457 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1458 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1459
1460 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1461 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1462 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1463 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1464 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1465
1466 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1467 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1468 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1469 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1470 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1471 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1472 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1473 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1474 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1475 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1476 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1477 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1478
1479 ###############################################################################
1480
1481
1482 # Fiji
1483
1484 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1485 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1486 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1487
1488 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1489 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1490 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1491 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1492
1493 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1494 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1495
1496 # From the BBC World Service in
1512 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1513
1514
1515 # Kwajalein
1516
1517 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1518 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1519 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1520 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1521 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1522
1523
1524 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1525
1526 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1527 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1528 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1529 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1530 # see Asia/Manila.
1531
1532 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1533 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1534 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1535 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1536
1537
1538 # Micronesia
1539
1540 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1541 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1542 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1543 #
1544 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1545 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1546
1547 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1548 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1549 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1550 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1551 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1552 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1553
1554
1555 # Midway
1556
1557 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1558 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1559 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1560 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1561 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1562 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1563 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1564 # air at 6am your time.
1565 #
1566 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1567 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1568 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1569 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1570
1571 # Norfolk
1572
1598 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1599
1600 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1601 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1602 # ... at midnight.
1603
1604 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1605 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1606 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1607 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1608
1609
1610 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1611
1612 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1613 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1614 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1615 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1616 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1617
1618 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
1619 # in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
1620 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1621 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1622 # Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
1623 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1624 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1625 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1626
1627 # Tonga
1628
1629 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1630 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1631 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1632 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1633
1634 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1635 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1636 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1637 #
1638 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1639 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1640 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1641 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1642 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
|
226 #
227 # Macquarie
228 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
229 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
230 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
231 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
232 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
233 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
234 #
235 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
236 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
237 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
238 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
239 # on 4 April.
240 #
241 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
242 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
243 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
244 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
245 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
246 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - -00 1899 Nov
247 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
248 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
249 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
250 0 - -00 1948 Mar 25
251 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
252 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
253 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time
254
255 # Christmas
256 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
257 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
258 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
259
260 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
261 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
262 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
263 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
264 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
265 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
266
267
268 # Fiji
269
270 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
333 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
334 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
335 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
336 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
337
338 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
339 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
340 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
341
342 # From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
343 # DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
344 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
345
346 # From a government order dated 2015-08-26 and published as Legal Notice No. 77
347 # in the Government of Fiji Gazette Supplement No. 24 (2015-08-28),
348 # via Ken Rylander (2015-09-02):
349 # the daylight saving period is 1 hour in advance of the standard time
350 # commencing at 2.00 am on Sunday 1st November, 2015 and ending at
351 # 3.00 am on Sunday 17th January, 2016.
352
353 # From Raymond Kumar (2016-10-04):
354 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-6th-NOVEMBER,-2016.aspx
355 # "Fiji's daylight savings will begin on Sunday, 6 November 2016, when
356 # clocks go forward an hour at 2am to 3am.... Daylight Saving will
357 # end at 3.00am on Sunday 15th January 2017."
358
359 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-03):
360 # For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
361 # 03:00 the third Sunday in January. Although ad hoc, it matches
362 # transitions since late 2014 and seems more likely to match future
363 # practice than guessing no DST.
364
365 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
366 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
367 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
368 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
369 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
370 Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
371 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
372 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
373 Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
374 Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
375 Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=15 3:00 0 -
376 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
377 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
378 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
379
534 11:30 - NFT 1974 Oct 27 02:00 # Norfolk T.
535 11:30 1:00 NFST 1975 Mar 2 02:00
536 11:30 - NFT 2015 Oct 4 02:00
537 11:00 - NFT
538
539 # Palau (Belau)
540 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
541 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
542 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
543
544 # Papua New Guinea
545 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
546 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
547 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
548 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
549 #
550 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
551 # Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
552 # the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
553 #
554 # Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for UT +09, these dates
555 # are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
556 # The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
557 # The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
558 # according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
559 # http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
560 # and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
561 #
562 # The Autonomous Region of Bougainville switched from UT +10 to +11
563 # on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call +11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
564 # abbreviate this as BST. See:
565 # http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
566 #
567 Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
568 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
569 10:00 - PGT 1942 Jul
570 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 21
571 10:00 - PGT 2014 Dec 28 2:00
572 11:00 - BST
573
574 # Pitcairn
575 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
576 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
577 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 0:00
578 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
579
580 # American Samoa
581 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
582 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
583 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
609 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
610 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
611 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
612
613 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
614 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
615 #
616 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
617 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
618 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
619 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
620
621 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
622 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
623 #
624 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
625
626 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
627 # The International Date Line Act 2011
628 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
629 # changed Samoa from UT -11 to +13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
630 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
631 # accordingly.
632
633 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
634 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
635 #
636 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
637 #
638 # DST
639 # Year End Time Start Time
640 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
641 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
642 #
643 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
644 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
645 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
646 #
647 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
648 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
649 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
704 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
705 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
706 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
707 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
708 13:00 - TOT 1999
709 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
710
711 # Tuvalu
712 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
713 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
714 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
715
716
717 # US minor outlying islands
718
719 # Howland, Baker
720 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
721 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
722 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
723 # uninhabited thereafter.
724 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT -10:30) in 1937;
725 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
726 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
727 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
728 # until they were abandoned after the war.
729
730 # Jarvis
731 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
732 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
733 # uninhabited thereafter.
734 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
735
736 # Johnston
737 #
738 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
739 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
740 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
741 # treat it like Hawaii for now.
742 #
743 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
744 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
1462 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1463 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1464 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1465
1466 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1467 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1468 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1469 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1470 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1471
1472 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1473 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1474 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1475 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1476 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1477 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1478 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1479 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1480 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1481 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1482 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UT +11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1483 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1484
1485 ###############################################################################
1486
1487
1488 # Fiji
1489
1490 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1491 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1492 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1493
1494 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1495 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1496 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1497 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1498
1499 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1500 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1501
1502 # From the BBC World Service in
1518 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1519
1520
1521 # Kwajalein
1522
1523 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1524 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1525 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1526 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1527 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1528
1529
1530 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1531
1532 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1533 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1534 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1535 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1536 # see Asia/Manila.
1537
1538 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UT +10 the official standard time,
1539 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1540 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1541 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1542
1543
1544 # Micronesia
1545
1546 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1547 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1548 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1549 #
1550 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UT +10 to +11
1551 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1552
1553 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1554 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1555 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1556 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1557 # that Truk and Yap are UT +10, and Ponape and Kosrae are +11.
1558 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from +12; assume January 1 for now.
1559
1560
1561 # Midway
1562
1563 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1564 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1565 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1566 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1567 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1568 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1569 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1570 # air at 6am your time.
1571 #
1572 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1573 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1574 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1575 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1576
1577 # Norfolk
1578
1604 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1605
1606 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1607 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1608 # ... at midnight.
1609
1610 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1611 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1612 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1613 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1614
1615
1616 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1617
1618 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1619 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1620 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1621 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1622 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1623
1624 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UT -11:30
1625 # in 1911, and to -11 in 1950. many earlier sources give -11
1626 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1627 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1628 # Assume American Samoa switched to -11 in 1911, not 1950,
1629 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1630 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1631 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1632
1633 # Tonga
1634
1635 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1636 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1637 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1638 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1639
1640 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1641 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1642 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1643 #
1644 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1645 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1646 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1647 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1648 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
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