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--- old/usr/src/cmd/zic/europe
+++ new/usr/src/cmd/zic/europe
1 -# <pre>
2 1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
3 2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4 3
5 -# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 +# This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6 5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7 -# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
6 +# tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 +# the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8 8
9 -# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
9 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31):
10 10 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11 11 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
12 12 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13 13 #
14 14 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
15 15 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16 16 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17 17 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
18 18 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
19 19 #
20 +# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
21 +# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
22 +#
20 23 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
21 24 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
22 25 #
23 26 # Other sources occasionally used include:
24 27 #
25 28 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26 29 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
27 30 # which I found in the UCLA library.
28 31 #
29 -# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
30 32 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
31 -# </a> (1914-03)
33 +# <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
34 +# [PDF] (1914-03)
32 35 #
33 36 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
34 37 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
35 38 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
36 39 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
37 40 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
38 41 #
39 -# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
40 -# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
42 +# Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
43 +# This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
44 +# http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
45 +# The full Russian citation is:
46 +# Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
47 +# введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
48 +# июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
49 +# Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
50 +# http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
51 +#
52 +# Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
41 53 # History of Summer Time
42 -# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
54 +# <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
55 +# (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
43 56
44 57 #
45 58 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
46 59 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
47 60 # Corrections are welcome!
48 61 # std dst 2dst
49 62 # LMT Local Mean Time
50 63 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
51 64 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
52 65 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
53 66 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
54 67 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
55 68 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
56 69 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
57 70 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
58 71 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
59 72 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
60 73 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
61 -# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
62 -#
63 -# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
64 -# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
74 +# 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe*
75 +# 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Moscow
65 76
66 77 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
67 78 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
68 79 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
69 80 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
70 81 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
71 82 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
72 83 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
73 84 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
74 85 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
75 86 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
76 87 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
77 88 # ...
78 89 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
79 90 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
80 91 # ...
81 92 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
82 93 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
83 94 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
84 95 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
85 96 # in the Directive.
86 97
87 98
88 99 ###############################################################################
89 100
90 101 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
91 102
92 103 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
93 104 #
94 105 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
95 106 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
96 107 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
97 108 # of the text said:
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98 109 #
99 110 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
100 111 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
101 112 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
102 113 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
103 114 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
104 115 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
105 116 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
106 117 #
107 118 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
108 -# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
119 +# position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
109 120 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
110 121 #
111 122 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
112 123
113 124 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
114 125 #
115 126 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
116 127 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
117 128 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
118 129 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
119 130 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
120 131 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
121 132 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
122 133 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
123 134 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
124 135 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
125 136 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
126 137 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
127 138 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
128 139 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
129 140 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
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130 141 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
131 142 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
132 143 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
133 144 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
134 145 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
135 146 #
136 147 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
137 148 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
138 149 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
139 150
140 -# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
141 -# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
151 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
152 +# The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
153 +# informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
154 +# Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
155 +# New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
156 +# whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
157 +# after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
158 +# In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
159 +# that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
160 +# Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
161 +# Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
162 +# http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
163 +# Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
164 +# did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
165 +#
166 +# In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
142 167 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
143 168 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
144 169 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
145 170 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
146 171 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
147 172 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
148 173 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
149 174 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
150 175 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
151 176 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
152 177 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
153 178 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
154 -# designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
179 +# designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
155 180 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
156 181
157 182 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
158 183 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
159 184 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
160 185 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
161 186 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
162 187 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
163 -# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
164 -# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
165 -# </a>
188 +# -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
189 +# republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
190 +# http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
166 191
167 192 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
168 193 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
169 194 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
170 195 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
171 196 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
172 197
173 198 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
174 -#
175 199 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
176 200 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
177 201
178 202 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
179 203 # From: Jonathan Leffler
180 204 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
181 205 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
182 206 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
183 207
184 208 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
185 209 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
186 210 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
187 211 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
188 212 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
189 213
190 214 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
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191 215 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
192 216 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
193 217 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
194 218
195 219 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
196 220 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
197 221 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
198 222 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
199 223 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
200 224 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
201 -# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
202 -# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
225 +# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
226 +# http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
203 227
204 228 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
205 229 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
206 230 # which is to be introduced in May....
207 231 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
208 232 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
209 233
210 234 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
211 235 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
212 236 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
213 237 # so we use 'BDST'.
214 238
215 239 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
216 240 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
217 241 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
218 242 # and extending this list, which can be found in
219 -# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
220 -# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
221 -# History of legal time in Britain
222 -# </a>
223 -# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
224 -# exists, and the article can now be found at:
225 -# <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
226 243 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
227 -# </a>
228 244
229 245 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
230 246 #
231 247 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
232 248 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
233 -# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
234 -# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
235 -# </a>.
249 +# http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
250 +# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
236 251
237 252 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
238 253 #
239 254 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
240 255 #
241 256 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
242 257 # are incorrect:
243 258 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
244 259 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
245 260 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
246 261 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
247 262 # It actually just had one transition.
248 263 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
249 264 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
250 265 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
251 266 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
252 267 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
253 268 #
254 269 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
255 270 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
256 271 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
257 272 # conform with Great Britain.
258 273 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
259 274 #
260 275 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
261 276 # we'll ignore it for now.
262 277 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
263 278 #
264 279 #
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265 280 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
266 281 # Shanks & Pottenger.
267 282 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
268 283 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
269 284 # to London. For example:
270 285 #
271 286 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
272 287 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
273 288
274 289 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
275 -# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
276 -# various relating to legal time, for example:
290 +# Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
291 +# These include various relating to legal time, for example:
277 292 #
278 293 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
279 294 #
280 295 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
281 296 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
282 297 #
283 298 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
284 299 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
285 300 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
286 301 #
287 302 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
288 303 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
289 304 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
290 305 #
291 306 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
292 307 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
293 308 #
294 309 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
295 310 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
296 311 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
297 312 #
298 313 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
299 314 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
300 315 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
301 316 # being GMT+1.)
302 317
303 318 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
304 319 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
305 320 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
306 321 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
307 322 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
308 323 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
309 324 # and Frethun run in CT.
310 325 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
311 326 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
312 327 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
313 328 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
314 329 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
315 330 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
316 331
317 332 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
318 333 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
319 334 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
320 335 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
321 336 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
322 337 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
323 338 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
324 339
325 340 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
326 341 # Summer Time Act, 1916
327 342 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
328 343 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
329 344 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
330 345 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
331 346 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
332 347 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
333 348 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
334 349 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
335 350 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
336 351 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 352 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
338 353 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
339 354 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
340 355 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
341 356 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
342 357 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
343 358 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 359 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
345 360 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
346 361 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 362 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
348 363 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
349 364 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 365 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
351 366 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 367 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
353 368 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
354 369 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
355 370 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
356 371 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 372 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 373 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
359 374 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 375 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
361 376 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
362 377 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 378 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
364 379 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
365 380 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
366 381 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
367 382 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
368 383 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 384 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
370 385 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
371 386 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
372 387 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
373 388 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
374 389 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
375 390 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
376 391 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
377 392 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
378 393 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
379 394 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
380 395 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
381 396 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 397 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
383 398 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 399 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
385 400 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
386 401 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
387 402 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
388 403 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 404 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
390 405 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
391 406 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 407 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
393 408 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
394 409 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
395 410 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
396 411 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 412 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
398 413 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
399 414 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
400 415 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
401 416 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 417 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
403 418 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 419 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 420 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 421 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
407 422 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
408 423 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
409 424 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 425 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
411 426 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
412 427 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
413 428 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
414 429 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 430 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
416 431 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 432 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
418 433 # (no summer time)
419 434 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
420 435 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 436 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
422 437 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
423 438 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
424 439 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
425 440 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
426 441 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
427 442 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
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428 443 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
429 444 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
430 445 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
431 446 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
432 447 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
433 448 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
434 449 #
435 450 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
436 451
437 452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
438 -Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
453 +Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
439 454 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
440 - 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
455 + 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
441 456 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
442 457 0:00 EU GMT/BST
443 458 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
444 459 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
445 460 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
461 +
462 +# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
446 463 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
447 - -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
448 - -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
464 + -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
465 + -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
449 466 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
450 - 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
451 - 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
452 - 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
453 - 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
454 - 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
467 + 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
468 + 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
469 + 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
470 + 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
471 + 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
455 472 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
456 - 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
473 + 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
457 474 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
458 475 0:00 EU GMT/IST
459 476
460 477 ###############################################################################
461 478
462 479 # Europe
463 480
464 481 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
465 482 # Common Market, etc.
466 483
467 484 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
468 485 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
469 486 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
470 487 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
471 488 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
472 489 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
473 490 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
474 491 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
475 -# <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
476 492 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
477 493 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
478 -# </a>
494 +# http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
479 495
480 496 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
481 497 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
482 498 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
483 499 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
484 500 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
485 501 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
486 502 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
487 503
488 504 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
489 505 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
490 506 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
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491 507 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
492 508 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
493 509 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
494 510 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
495 511 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
496 512 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
497 513 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
498 514 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
499 515 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
500 516 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
501 -# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
517 +# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
502 518 #
503 519 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
504 520 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
505 -# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
521 +# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
506 522 # tz database itself, as seen below:
507 523 #
508 524 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
509 525 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
510 526 #
511 527 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
512 -# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
528 +# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
513 529 #
514 530 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
515 531 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
516 532 #
517 533 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
518 534 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
519 535 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
520 536 #
521 537 # The rule line to be changed is:
522 538 #
523 539 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
524 540 #
525 541 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
526 542 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
527 543 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
528 544 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
529 545 # CET and MET:
530 546 #
531 547 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
532 548 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
533 549 #
534 550 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
535 551 #
536 552 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
537 553 #
538 554 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
539 555 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
540 556 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
541 557 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
542 558 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
543 559 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
544 560 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
545 561 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
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546 562
547 563 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
548 564 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
549 565 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
550 566 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
551 567 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
552 568 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
553 569 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
554 570
555 571 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
556 -Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
557 -Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
558 -Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
572 +Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
573 +Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
574 +Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
559 575 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
560 576 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
561 -Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
562 -Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
563 -Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
564 -Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
565 -Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
577 +Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
578 +Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
579 +Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
580 +Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
581 +Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
566 582 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
567 583 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
568 584 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
569 585 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
570 586 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
571 587 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
572 588 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
573 589 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
574 590 #
575 591 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
576 592 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
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577 593 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
578 594 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
579 595 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
580 596
581 597 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
582 598 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
583 599 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
584 600 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
585 601 #
586 602 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
587 -# <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
588 603 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
589 -# </a>
590 604 #
591 605 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
592 -# <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
593 606 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
594 -# </a>
595 607
596 608 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
597 609 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
598 610 # to be standard.
599 611
600 612 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
601 613
602 614 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
603 615 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
604 616 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
605 617 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
606 618 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
607 619
608 620 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
609 621 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
610 622
611 623 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
612 624 # The official German names ... are
613 625 #
614 -# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
615 -# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
626 +# Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
627 +# Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
616 628 #
617 -# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
629 +# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
618 630 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
619 631 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
620 632 #
621 633 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
622 634 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
623 635 # Postfach 3345
624 636 # D-38023 Braunschweig
625 637 # phone: +49 531 592-0
626 638 #
627 639 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
628 640 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
629 641 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
630 642 #
631 643 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
632 644 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
633 645
634 646
635 647 # Albania
636 648 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
637 649 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
638 650 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
639 651 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
640 652 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
641 653 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
642 654 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
643 655 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
644 656 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
645 657 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
646 658 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
647 659 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
648 660 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
649 661 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
650 662 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
651 663 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
652 664 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
653 665 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
654 666 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
655 667 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
656 668 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
657 669 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
658 670 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
659 671 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
660 672 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
661 673 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
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662 674 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
663 675 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
664 676 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
665 677 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
666 678 1:00 EU CE%sT
667 679
668 680 # Andorra
669 681 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
670 682 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
671 683 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
672 - 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
684 + 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
673 685 1:00 EU CE%sT
674 686
675 687 # Austria
676 688
677 689 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
678 690
679 691 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
680 692 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
681 693 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
682 694 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
683 695 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
684 696 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
685 697
686 698 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
687 699 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
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688 700 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
689 701 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
690 702 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
691 703 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
692 704 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
693 705 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
694 706 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
695 707 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
696 708 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
697 709 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
698 - 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
699 - 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
700 - 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
710 + 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
711 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
712 + 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
701 713 1:00 - CET 1946
702 714 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
703 715 1:00 EU CE%sT
704 716
705 717 # Belarus
706 718 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
707 719 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
708 720 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
709 721 #
710 722 # Sources (Russian language):
711 -# 1.
712 -# <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
713 723 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
714 -# </a>
715 -# 2.
716 -# <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
717 724 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
718 -# </a>
719 -# 3.
720 -# <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
721 725 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
722 -# </a>
723 726 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
724 727 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
725 - 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
728 + 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
726 729 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
727 730 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
728 731 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
729 732 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
730 - 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
731 - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
732 - 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
733 - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
734 - 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
735 - 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
733 + 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
734 + 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
735 + 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
736 + 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
737 + 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
738 + 3:00 - FET
736 739
737 740 # Belgium
738 741 #
739 742 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
740 743 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
741 744 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
742 -# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
745 +# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
743 746 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
744 747 # pp 8-9.
745 748 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
746 749 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
747 750 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
748 751 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
749 752 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
750 753 #
751 754 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
752 755 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
753 756 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
754 757 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
755 758 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
756 759 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
757 760 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
758 761 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
759 762 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
760 763 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
761 764 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
762 765 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
763 766 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
764 767 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
765 768 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
766 769 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
767 770 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
768 771 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
769 772 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
770 773 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
771 774 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
772 775 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
773 776 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
774 777 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
775 778 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
776 779 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
777 780 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
778 781 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
779 782 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
780 783 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
781 784 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
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782 785 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
783 786 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
784 787 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
785 788 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
786 789 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
787 790 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
788 791 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
789 792 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
790 793 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791 794 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
792 - 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
795 + 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
793 796 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
794 797 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
795 798 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
796 799 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
797 800 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
798 801 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
799 802 1:00 EU CE%sT
800 803
801 804 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
802 805 # See Europe/Belgrade.
803 806
804 807 # Bulgaria
805 808 #
806 809 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
807 810 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
808 -# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
809 -# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
811 +# EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
812 +# EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
810 813 #
811 814 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
812 815 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
813 816 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
814 817 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
815 818 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
816 819 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
817 820 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
818 821 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
819 822 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
820 823 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
821 824 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
822 - 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
825 + 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
823 826 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
824 827 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
825 828 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
826 829 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
827 830 2:00 EU EE%sT
828 831
829 832 # Croatia
830 833 # See Europe/Belgrade.
831 834
832 835 # Cyprus
833 836 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
834 837
835 838 # Czech Republic
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836 839 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
837 840 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
838 841 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
839 842 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
840 843 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
841 844 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
842 845 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
843 846 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
844 847 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
845 848 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
846 - 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
847 - 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
849 + 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
850 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
848 851 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
849 852 1:00 EU CE%sT
850 853 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
851 854
852 855 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
853 856
854 -# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
857 +# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
855 858 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
856 859 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
857 860 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
858 861 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
859 862 #
860 863 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
861 864 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
862 865 #
863 866 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
864 -# in subsequenet decrees with the law
867 +# in subsequent decrees with the law
865 868 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
866 869 #
867 870 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
868 871 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
869 872 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
870 873 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
871 874 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
872 875 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
873 876 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
874 877 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
875 878 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
876 879 # was suspended on that night):
877 880 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
878 881
879 -# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
882 +# From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
880 883 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
881 884 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
882 885
883 886 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
884 887 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
885 888 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
886 889
887 890 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
888 891 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
889 892 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
890 893 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
891 894 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
892 895 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
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893 896 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
894 897 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
895 898 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
896 899 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
897 900 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
898 901 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
899 902 #
900 903 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
901 904 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
902 905 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
903 - 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
904 - 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
906 + 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
907 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
905 908 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
906 909 1:00 EU CE%sT
907 -Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
910 +Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
908 911 0:00 - WET 1981
909 912 0:00 EU WE%sT
910 913 #
911 914 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
912 915 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
913 916 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
914 917 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
915 918 #
916 919 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
917 920 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
918 921 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
919 -# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
922 +# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
920 923 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
921 924 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
922 925
923 -# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
926 +# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
924 927 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
925 928 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
926 929 #
927 930 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
928 931 # is according to the following time line:
929 932 #
930 933 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
931 934 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
932 935 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
933 936 # Danmarkshavn UTC
934 937 #
935 938 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
936 939 # introduced.
937 940
938 941 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
939 942 #
940 943 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
941 944 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
942 945 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
943 946 # info from earlier correspondence.]
944 947 #
945 948 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
946 949 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
947 950 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
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948 951 #
949 952 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
950 953 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
951 954 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
952 955 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
953 956 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
954 957 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
955 958 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
956 959 #
957 960 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
958 -# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
961 +# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
959 962 #
960 -# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
963 +# The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
961 964 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
962 965 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
963 966 #
964 967 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
965 968 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
966 969 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
967 -# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
970 +# this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
968 971 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
969 972
970 973 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
971 974 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
972 975 # there at 2:00 AM.
973 976
974 977 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
975 978 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
976 -# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
977 -# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
979 +# the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
980 +# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
978 981 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
979 982 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
980 983 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
981 984 #
982 985 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
983 986 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
984 987 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
985 988 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
986 989 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
987 990 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
988 991 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
989 992 #
990 993 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
991 994 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
992 - -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
995 + -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
993 996 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
994 997 0:00 - GMT
995 998 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
996 - -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
999 + -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
997 1000 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
998 1001 -1:00 EU EG%sT
999 1002 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1000 - -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1003 + -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1001 1004 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1002 1005 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1003 1006 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1004 1007
1005 1008 # Estonia
1006 1009 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1007 1010 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1008 1011 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1009 1012 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1010 1013 #
1011 1014 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
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1012 1015 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1013 1016 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1014 1017 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1015 1018 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1016 1019 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1017 1020 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1018 1021 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1019 1022 # summer time next spring."
1020 1023
1021 1024 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1022 -# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1023 1025 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1024 -# </a>
1026 +# http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1025 1027 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1026 -# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1028 +# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1027 1029 #
1028 1030 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1029 1031 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1030 1032 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1031 1033
1032 -# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1034 +# From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1033 1035 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1034 1036 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1035 1037 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1036 1038 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1037 1039 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1038 1040 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1039 1041 # after that.
1040 1042
1041 1043 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1042 1044 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1043 1045 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1044 1046 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1045 1047
1046 1048 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1047 1049 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1048 1050 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1049 1051 #
1050 -# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1052 +# From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1051 1053 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1052 1054
1053 1055 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054 1056 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1055 - 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1057 + 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1056 1058 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1057 1059 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1058 1060 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1059 1061 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1060 1062 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1061 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1062 - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1063 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1064 + 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1063 1065 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1064 1066 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1065 1067 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1066 1068 2:00 EU EE%sT
1067 1069
1068 1070 # Finland
1069 1071
1070 1072 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1071 1073 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1072 1074 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1073 1075
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1074 1076 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1075 1077 #
1076 1078 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1077 1079 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1078 1080 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1079 1081 # according to the central European standards.
1080 1082 #
1081 1083 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1082 1084 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1083 1085 # Finnish) at
1084 -#
1085 -# <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1086 1086 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1087 -# </a>
1088 1087 #
1089 1088 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1090 1089 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1091 1090 #
1092 1091 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1093 -#
1094 -# <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1095 1092 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1096 -# </a>
1097 1093 #
1098 1094 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1099 1095 # exist tonight."
1100 1096
1097 +# From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1098 +# [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1099 +# http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1100 +# pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1101 +# say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1102 +# 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1103 +# mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1104 +# On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1105 +#
1106 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1107 +# Go with Oja over Shanks.
1108 +
1101 1109 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1102 -Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1103 -Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1110 +Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1111 +Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1104 1112 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1105 1113 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1114 +
1115 +# Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1116 +# round to nearest.
1117 +
1106 1118 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1107 -Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1108 - 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1119 +Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1120 + 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1109 1121 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1110 1122 2:00 EU EE%sT
1111 1123
1112 -# Aaland Is
1124 +# Åland Is
1113 1125 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1114 1126
1115 1127
1116 1128 # France
1117 1129
1118 1130 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1119 1131 #
1120 -# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1132 +# Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1121 1133 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1122 1134 #
1123 -# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1135 +# Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1124 1136 # Paris, 1991
1125 1137 #
1126 -# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1127 -# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1138 +# Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1139 +# Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1128 1140
1129 1141
1130 1142 #
1131 1143 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1132 1144 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1133 1145 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1134 1146 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1135 1147 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1136 1148 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1137 1149 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1138 1150 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1139 1151 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1140 1152 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1141 1153 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1142 1154 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1143 1155 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1144 1156 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1145 1157 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146 1158 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1147 1159 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1148 1160 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1149 1161 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1150 1162 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1151 1163 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1152 1164 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1153 1165 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1154 1166 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1155 1167 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1156 1168 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1157 1169 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
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1158 1170 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1159 1171 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 1172 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 1173 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 1174 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1163 1175 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1164 1176 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1165 1177 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1166 1178 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1167 1179 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1168 -# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1169 -# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1170 -# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1180 +# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1181 +# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1182 +# Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1171 1183 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1172 -# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1184 +# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1173 1185 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1174 1186 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1175 1187 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1176 1188 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1177 -# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1189 +# who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1178 1190 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1179 1191 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1180 1192 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1181 1193 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1182 1194 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1183 1195 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1184 1196 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1185 1197 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1186 1198 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1187 1199 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1188 1200 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1189 1201 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1190 1202 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1191 1203 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1192 1204 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1193 1205 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1194 1206 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1195 1207 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1196 1208 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1197 1209 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1198 - 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1210 + 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1199 1211 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1200 1212 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1201 1213 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1202 1214 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1203 1215 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1204 1216 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1205 1217 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1206 1218 1:00 EU CE%sT
1207 1219
1208 1220 # Germany
1209 1221
1210 1222 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1211 1223 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1212 1224 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1213 1225 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1214 1226
1215 -# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1227 +# From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1216 1228 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1217 -# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1218 -# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1229 +# http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1230 +# General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1219 1231
1220 1232 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1221 -# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1222 1233 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1223 -# </a>
1224 1234 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1225 1235 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1226 1236 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1227 1237
1228 1238
1229 1239 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1230 1240 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1231 1241 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1232 1242 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1233 1243 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1234 1244 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1235 1245 # Go with the PTB.
1236 1246 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1237 1247 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
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1238 1248 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1239 1249 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1240 1250 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1241 1251
1242 1252 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1243 1253 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1244 1254 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1245 1255
1246 1256 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1247 1257 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1248 - 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1258 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1249 1259 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1250 1260 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1251 1261 1:00 EU CE%sT
1252 1262
1253 1263 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1254 -# Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1264 +# Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1255 1265 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1256 1266 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1257 1267 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1258 1268 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1259 1269 #
1260 -# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1270 +# Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1261 1271 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1262 1272
1263 1273 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1264 -# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1274 +# Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1265 1275
1266 1276 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1267 1277
1268 1278 # Georgia
1269 1279 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1270 1280 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1271 1281 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1272 1282
1273 1283 # Gibraltar
1274 1284 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1275 -Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1276 - 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1285 +Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1286 + 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1277 1287 1:00 - CET 1982
1278 1288 1:00 EU CE%sT
1279 1289
1280 1290 # Greece
1281 1291 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1282 1292 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1283 1293 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1284 1294 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1285 1295 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1286 1296 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1287 1297 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1288 1298 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1289 1299 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1290 1300 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1291 1301 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1292 1302 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1293 1303 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1294 1304 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1295 1305 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1296 1306 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
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1297 1307 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1298 1308 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1299 1309 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1300 1310 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1301 1311 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1302 1312 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1303 1313 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1304 1314 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1305 1315 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306 1316 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1307 - 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1317 + 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1308 1318 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1309 1319 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1310 1320 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1311 1321 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1312 1322 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1313 1323 2:00 EU EE%sT
1314 1324
1315 1325 # Hungary
1326 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1327 +# Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1328 +# Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1329 +# National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1330 +# http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1331 +# This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1332 +# & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1316 1333 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1317 1334 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1318 -Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1335 +Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1319 1336 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1320 -Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1321 -Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1322 -Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1337 +Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1323 1338 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1324 -Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1339 +Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1325 1340 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1326 1341 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1327 1342 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1328 1343 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1329 1344 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1330 1345 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1331 1346 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1332 1347 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1333 1348 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1334 1349 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1335 1350 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1336 1351 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1337 1352 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1338 1353 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1339 1354 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1340 - 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1355 + 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1341 1356 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1342 1357 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1343 1358 1:00 EU CE%sT
1344 1359
1345 1360 # Iceland
1346 1361 #
1347 1362 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1348 1363 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1349 1364 #
1350 1365 # (1993-12-05):
1351 1366 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1352 1367 # Iceland Almanak.
1353 1368 #
1354 1369 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1355 1370 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1356 1371 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1357 1372 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1358 1373 #
1359 1374 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1360 1375 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1361 1376 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1362 1377 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1363 1378 #
1364 1379 # (1993-12-10):
1365 1380 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1366 1381 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1367 1382 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1368 1383 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1369 1384 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1370 1385 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1371 1386 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1372 1387 # might mean something else (???).
1373 1388 #
1374 1389 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1375 1390 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1376 1391 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1377 1392 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1378 1393 #
1379 1394 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1380 1395 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1381 1396 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1382 1397 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1383 1398 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1384 1399 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1385 1400 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1386 1401 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1387 1402 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1388 1403 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1389 1404 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1390 1405 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1391 1406 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1392 1407 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
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1393 1408 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1394 1409 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1395 1410 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1396 1411 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1397 1412 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1398 1413 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1399 1414 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1400 1415 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1401 1416 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1402 1417 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1403 - -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1418 + -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1404 1419 0:00 - GMT
1405 1420
1406 1421 # Italy
1407 1422 #
1408 1423 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1409 1424 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1410 1425 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1411 1426 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1412 1427 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1413 1428 # so record only the time in Rome.
1414 1429 #
1415 1430 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1416 1431 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1417 1432 # F. Pollastri
1418 -# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1419 1433 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1420 -# </a>
1434 +# http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1421 1435 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1422 1436 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1423 1437 #
1424 1438 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1425 1439 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1426 1440 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1427 1441 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1428 1442 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1429 1443 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1430 1444 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1431 1445 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1432 1446 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1433 1447 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1434 1448 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1435 1449 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1436 1450 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1437 1451 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1438 1452 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1439 1453 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1440 1454 #
1441 1455 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1442 1456 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1443 1457 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1444 1458 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1445 1459 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1446 1460 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1447 1461 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1448 1462 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1449 1463 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1450 1464 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1451 1465 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1452 1466 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1453 1467 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1454 1468 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1455 1469 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1456 1470 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1457 1471 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1458 1472 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1459 1473 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1460 1474 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1461 1475 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1462 1476 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1463 1477 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1464 1478 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1465 1479 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1466 1480 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1467 1481 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1468 1482 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1469 1483 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
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1470 1484 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1471 1485 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1472 1486 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1473 1487 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1474 1488 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1475 1489 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1476 1490 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1477 1491 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1478 1492 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1479 1493 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1480 - 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1481 - 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1494 + 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1495 + 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1482 1496 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1483 1497 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1484 1498 1:00 EU CE%sT
1485 1499
1486 1500 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1487 1501 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1488 1502
1489 1503 # Latvia
1490 1504
1491 1505 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1492 1506
1493 1507 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1494 1508 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1495 1509 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1496 1510 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1497 1511 #
1498 1512 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1499 1513 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1500 1514 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1501 1515 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1502 1516 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1503 1517 #
1504 1518 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1505 1519 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1506 1520 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1507 1521 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1508 1522 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1509 1523 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1510 1524 #
1511 1525 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1512 1526 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1513 1527 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1514 1528 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1515 1529 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1516 1530 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1517 1531 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
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1518 1532 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1519 1533 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1520 1534 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1521 1535 #
1522 1536 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1523 1537 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1524 1538 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1525 1539
1526 1540 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1527 1541 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1528 -# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1529 1542 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1530 -# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1543 +# 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1544 +# in Latvian for subscribers only).
1531 1545
1532 -# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1533 -# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1534 -# </a>
1546 +# From RFE/RL Newsline
1547 +# http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1548 +# (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1535 1549 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1536 1550 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1537 1551 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1538 1552 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1539 -# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1553 +# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1540 1554 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1541 1555 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1542 1556 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1543 1557 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1544 1558 # appears that they will not do so....
1545 1559
1546 1560 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1547 1561 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1548 1562 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1563 +
1564 +# Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1565 +# Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1566 +# Go with Byalokoz.
1567 +
1549 1568 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1550 -Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1551 - 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1552 - 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1553 - 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1554 - 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1555 - 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1569 +Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1570 + 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1571 + 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1572 + 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1573 + 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1574 + 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1556 1575 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1557 1576 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1558 1577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1559 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1560 - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1578 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1579 + 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1561 1580 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1562 1581 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1563 1582 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1564 1583 2:00 EU EE%sT
1565 1584
1566 1585 # Liechtenstein
1567 1586
1568 1587 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1569 1588 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1570 1589
1571 1590 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1572 1591 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1573 1592 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1574 1593 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1575 1594 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1576 1595 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1577 1596 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1578 1597 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1579 1598 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1580 1599
1581 1600 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1582 1601
1583 1602
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1584 1603 # Lithuania
1585 1604
1586 1605 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1587 1606 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1588 1607 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1589 1608
1590 1609 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1591 1610 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1592 1611 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1593 1612
1594 -# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1613 +# From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1595 1614 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1596 1615 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1597 1616 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1598 1617 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1599 1618 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1600 1619 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1601 1620 # already done by Estonia.
1602 1621
1603 -# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1604 -# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1605 -# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1622 +# From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1623 +# <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1624 +# Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1606 1625
1607 1626 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1608 1627 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1609 1628 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1610 1629 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1611 1630 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1612 1631 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1613 1632 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1614 1633
1615 1634
1616 1635 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1617 1636 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1618 - 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1637 + 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1619 1638 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1620 1639 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1621 1640 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1622 1641 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1623 1642 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1624 1643 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1625 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1626 - 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1644 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1645 + 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1627 1646 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1628 - 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1629 - 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1647 + 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1648 + 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1630 1649 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1631 1650 2:00 EU EE%sT
1632 1651
1633 1652 # Luxembourg
1634 1653 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1635 1654 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1636 1655 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637 1656 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1638 1657 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1639 1658 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1640 1659 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1641 1660 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1642 1661 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1643 1662 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1644 1663 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1645 1664 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1646 1665 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1647 1666 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1648 1667 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1649 1668 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1650 1669 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1651 1670 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1652 1671 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
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1653 1672 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1654 1673 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1655 1674 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1656 1675 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1657 1676 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1658 1677 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1659 1678 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1660 1679 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1661 1680 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1662 1681 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1663 - 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1664 - 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1665 - 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1682 + 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1683 + 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1684 + 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1666 1685 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1667 1686 1:00 EU CE%sT
1668 1687
1669 1688 # Macedonia
1670 1689 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1671 1690
1672 1691 # Malta
1673 1692 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1674 1693 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1675 1694 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1676 1695 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1677 1696 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1678 1697 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1679 1698 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1680 1699 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1681 1700 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1682 -Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1683 - 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1684 - 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1701 +Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1702 + 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1703 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1685 1704 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1686 1705 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1687 1706 1:00 EU CE%sT
1688 1707
1689 1708 # Moldova
1690 1709
1691 1710 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1692 1711 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1693 1712 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1694 1713 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1695 1714 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1696 1715 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1697 1716 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1698 1717 # But [two people] separately reported via
1699 -# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1718 +# Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1700 1719 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1701 1720 #
1702 1721 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1703 1722 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1704 1723 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1705 1724 # to the Winter Time).
1706 1725 #
1707 1726 # News (in Russian):
1708 -# <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1709 1727 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1710 -# </a>
1711 -#
1712 -# <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1713 1728 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1714 -# </a>
1715 1729 #
1716 1730 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1717 1731 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1718 1732 #
1719 1733 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1720 1734 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1721 1735 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1722 1736 #
1723 1737 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1724 1738 #
1725 1739 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1726 1740 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1727 1741 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1728 1742 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1729 1743 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1730 1744 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1731 1745 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1732 -# <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1733 1746 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1734 -# </a>
1735 1747
1736 1748
1737 1749 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1738 1750 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1739 1751 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1740 1752 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1741 1753 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1742 1754 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1743 1755 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1744 1756 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1745 1757 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1746 1758 2:00 - EET 1991
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1747 1759 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1748 1760 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1749 1761 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1750 1762 2:00 EU EE%sT
1751 1763
1752 1764 # Monaco
1753 1765 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1754 1766 # more precise 0:09:21.
1755 1767 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1756 1768 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1757 - 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1758 - 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1769 + 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1770 + 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1759 1771 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1760 1772 1:00 EU CE%sT
1761 1773
1762 1774 # Montenegro
1763 1775 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1764 1776
1765 1777 # Netherlands
1766 1778
1767 1779 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1768 1780 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1769 1781
1770 1782 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1771 1783 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1772 1784 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1773 1785 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1774 1786 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1775 1787 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1776 1788 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1777 1789 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1778 1790 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1779 1791 #
1780 1792 # (2001-04-08):
1781 1793 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1782 1794 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1783 1795 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1784 1796 #
1785 1797 # (2001-04-09):
1786 1798 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1787 1799 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1788 1800 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1789 1801 # actually followed.
1790 1802 #
1791 1803 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
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1792 1804 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1793 1805 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1794 1806 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1795 1807 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1796 1808 #
1797 1809 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1798 1810 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1799 1811 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1800 1812 # Amsterdam mean time.
1801 1813
1802 -# The data before 1945 are taken from
1803 -# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1814 +# The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1815 +# http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1804 1816
1805 1817 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1806 1818 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1807 1819 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1808 1820 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1809 1821 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1810 1822 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1811 1823 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1812 1824 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1813 1825 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1814 1826 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1815 1827 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1816 1828 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1817 1829 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1818 1830 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1819 1831 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1820 1832 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1821 1833 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1822 1834 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1823 1835 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
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1824 1836 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1825 1837 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1826 1838 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1827 1839 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1828 1840 #
1829 1841 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1830 1842 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1831 1843 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1832 1844 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1833 1845 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1834 - 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1835 - 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1846 + 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1847 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1836 1848 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1837 1849 1:00 EU CE%sT
1838 1850
1839 1851 # Norway
1840 1852 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1841 1853 # Pottenger.
1842 1854 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1843 1855 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1844 1856 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1845 1857 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1846 1858 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1847 1859 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1848 1860 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1849 1861 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1850 1862 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1851 1863 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1852 1864 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1853 1865 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1854 1866 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
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1855 1867 1:00 EU CE%sT
1856 1868
1857 1869 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1858 1870
1859 1871 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1860 1872 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1861 1873 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1862 1874 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1863 1875 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1864 1876 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1865 -# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1866 -# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1877 +# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1878 +# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1867 1879 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1868 1880 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1869 1881 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1870 -# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1882 +# <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1871 1883 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1872 -# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1884 +# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1873 1885 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1874 1886 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1875 1887 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1876 1888 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1877 1889
1878 1890 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1879 1891 #
1880 1892 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1881 1893 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1882 1894 # keeping Berlin time.
1883 1895 #
1884 1896 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1885 1897 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1886 1898 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1887 -# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1899 +# frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1888 1900 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1889 1901 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1890 1902 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1891 1903 #
1892 1904 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1893 1905 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1894 1906 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1895 1907 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1896 1908 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1897 1909 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1898 -# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1910 +# http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
1899 1911 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1900 1912 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1901 1913 #
1902 1914 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1903 1915 # for these regions.
1904 1916 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1905 1917
1906 1918 # Poland
1919 +
1920 +# The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1921 +# <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1922 +
1907 1923 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1908 1924 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1909 1925 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1910 1926 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1911 1927 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1912 1928 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1913 1929 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1914 1930 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1915 1931 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1916 1932 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1917 -# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1918 -# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1919 -# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1933 +# Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1934 +# http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
1935 +# Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1920 1936 # He also gives these further references:
1921 1937 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1922 1938 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1923 1939 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1924 1940 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1925 1941 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1926 1942 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1927 1943 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1928 1944 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1929 1945 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1930 1946 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1931 1947 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1932 1948 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1933 1949 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1934 1950 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1935 1951 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1936 1952 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1937 1953 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1938 1954 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1939 - 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1940 - 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1955 + 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1956 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1941 1957 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1942 - 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1958 + 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1943 1959 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1944 1960 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1945 1961 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1946 1962 1:00 EU CE%sT
1947 1963
1948 1964 # Portugal
1949 1965 #
1966 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
1967 +# According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
1968 +# http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
1969 +# Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
1970 +# Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
1971 +# with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
1972 +# Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
1973 +#
1950 1974 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1951 1975 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1952 1976 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1953 1977 #
1954 1978 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1955 1979 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1956 1980 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1957 1981 #
1958 1982 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1959 1983 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1960 1984 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1961 1985 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1962 1986 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1963 1987 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1964 1988 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1965 1989 #
1966 1990 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1967 1991 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1968 1992 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1969 1993 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1970 1994 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1971 1995 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1972 1996 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1973 1997 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1974 1998 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1975 1999 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1976 2000 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1977 2001 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1978 2002 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1979 2003 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1980 2004 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1981 2005 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1982 2006 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1983 2007 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1984 2008 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1985 2009 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1986 2010 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1987 2011 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1988 2012 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1989 2013 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1990 2014 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1991 2015 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1992 2016 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1993 2017 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1994 2018 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1995 2019 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1996 2020 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1997 2021 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1998 2022 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1999 2023 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2000 2024 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2001 2025 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2002 2026 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2003 2027 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2004 2028 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2005 2029 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2006 2030 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2007 2031 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2008 2032 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2009 2033 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2010 2034 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2011 2035 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2012 2036 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2013 2037 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2014 2038 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2015 2039 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2016 2040 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2017 2041 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2018 2042 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
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2019 2043 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2020 2044 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2021 2045 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2022 2046 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2023 2047 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2024 2048 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2025 2049 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2026 2050 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2027 2051 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2028 2052 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2053 +#
2029 2054 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2030 -# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2031 -# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
2032 -Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2033 - -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2034 - 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2035 - 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2036 - 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2037 - 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2038 - 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2055 +Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2056 + -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2057 + 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2058 + 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2059 + 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2060 + 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2061 + 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2039 2062 0:00 EU WE%sT
2040 -Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2041 - -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2042 - -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2043 - -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2044 - -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2045 - 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2063 +Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2064 + -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2065 + -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2066 + -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2067 + -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2068 + 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2046 2069 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2047 -Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2048 - -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2049 - -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2050 - 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2070 +Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2071 + -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2072 + -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2073 + 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2051 2074 0:00 EU WE%sT
2052 2075
2053 2076 # Romania
2054 2077 #
2055 2078 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2056 -# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2057 -# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2079 +# Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2080 +# (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2058 2081 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2059 2082 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2060 2083 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2061 2084 #
2062 2085 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2063 2086 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2064 2087 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2065 2088 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2066 2089 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2067 2090 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2068 2091 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2069 2092 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2070 2093 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2071 2094 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2072 2095 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2073 2096 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2074 - 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2075 - 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2097 + 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2098 + 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2076 2099 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2077 2100 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2078 2101 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2079 2102 2:00 EU EE%sT
2080 2103
2104 +
2081 2105 # Russia
2082 2106
2083 2107 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2084 2108 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2085 2109 # (Government document
2086 -# <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2087 2110 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2088 -# </a>
2089 2111 # in Russian)
2090 2112 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2091 2113 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2092 2114 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2093 -# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2094 2115 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2095 -# </a>
2096 2116
2097 2117 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2098 2118 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2099 -# <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2100 2119 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2101 2120 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2102 2121
2103 2122 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2104 2123 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2105 2124 # changed in September 2011:
2106 2125 #
2107 2126 # One source is
2108 -# < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2109 2127 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2110 -# </a>
2111 2128 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2112 2129 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2113 2130 #
2114 2131 # Another source is
2115 -# <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2116 2132 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2117 -# </a>
2118 2133 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2119 2134 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2120 2135 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2121 2136 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2122 2137 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2123 2138 #
2124 2139 # Another source is
2125 -# <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2126 2140 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2127 -# </a>
2128 2141 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2129 2142 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2130 2143 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2131 2144 #
2132 2145 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2133 -# <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2134 2146 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2135 -# </a>
2136 2147 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2137 2148 #
2138 2149 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2139 2150 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2140 -# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2141 -# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2151 +# with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2152 +# get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2153 +# Conradi notes).
2142 2154 #
2143 2155 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2144 2156 #
2145 2157 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2146 2158
2159 +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2160 +# According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2161 +# http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2162 +# the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2163 +# winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2164 +# regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2165 +# http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2166 +# Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2167 +# 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2168 +# areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2169 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2170 +#
2171 +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2172 +# Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2173 +# http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2174 +# http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2175 +# http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2176 +# From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2177 +# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2178 +
2147 2179 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2148 2180 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2149 2181 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2150 2182 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2151 2183 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2152 2184 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2153 2185 #
2154 2186 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2155 2187 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2156 2188 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2157 2189 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2158 2190 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2159 2191 #
2160 2192 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2161 2193 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2162 2194 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
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2163 2195 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2164 2196 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2165 2197 #
2166 2198 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2167 2199 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2168 2200 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2169 2201 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2170 2202 #
2171 2203 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2172 2204 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2173 -# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2205 +# News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2174 2206 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2175 -# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2207 +# the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2176 2208 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2177 2209 #
2178 2210 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2179 2211 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2180 2212 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2181 2213 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2182 2214 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2183 2215 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2184 2216 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2185 2217 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2186 -#
2218 +
2219 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2220 +# The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2221 +# with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2222 +# are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2223 +# listing. The region codes listed come from
2224 +# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2225 +# and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2226 +# future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2227 +# divisions where available.
2228 +
2187 2229 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2188 -#
2189 -# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2230 +
2231 +
2232 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2233 +# Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2234 +# 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2235 +
2190 2236 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2191 2237 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2192 2238 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2193 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2194 - 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2195 - 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2239 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2240 + 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2241 + 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2242 + 2:00 - EET
2243 +
2244 +
2245 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2246 +# Europe/Moscow covers...
2247 +# 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2248 +# 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2249 +# 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2250 +# 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2251 +# 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2252 +# 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2253 +# 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2254 +# 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2255 +# 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2256 +# 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2257 +# 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2258 +# 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2259 +# 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2260 +# 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2261 +# 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2262 +# 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2263 +# 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2264 +# 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2265 +# 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2266 +# 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2267 +# 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2268 +# 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2269 +# 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2270 +# 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2271 +# 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2272 +# 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2273 +# 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2274 +# 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2275 +# 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2276 +# 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2277 +# 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2278 +# 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2279 +# 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2280 +# 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2281 +# 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2282 +# 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2283 +# 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2284 +# 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2285 +# 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2286 +# 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2287 +# 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2288 +# 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2289 +# 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2290 +# 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2291 +# 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2292 +# 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2293 +
2294 +# From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2295 +# LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2296 +# Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2297 +# LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2298 +# (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2299 +# The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2300 +# Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2301 +# was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2302 +# coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2303 +# 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2304 +# 2:31:19 ...
2196 2305 #
2197 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2198 -# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2199 -# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2200 -# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2201 -# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2202 -# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2203 -# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2204 -# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2205 -# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2206 -# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2207 -# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2208 -# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2209 -# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2210 -# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2211 -# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2212 -# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2213 -# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2214 -# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2215 -# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2216 -# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2217 -Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2218 - 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2219 - 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2306 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2307 +# Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2308 +# Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2309 +# Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2310 +# Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2311 +
2312 +Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2313 + 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2314 + 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2315 + 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2220 2316 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2221 2317 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2222 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2223 - 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2224 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2225 - 4:00 - MSK
2318 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2319 + 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2320 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2321 + 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2322 + 3:00 - MSK
2323 +
2324 +
2325 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2326 +# Europe/Simferopol covers...
2327 +# ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2328 +# ** **** Sevastopol
2329 +
2330 +Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2331 + 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2332 + 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2333 + 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2334 + 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2335 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2336 + 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2337 + 2:00 - EET 1992
2338 +# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2226 2339 #
2227 -# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2228 -# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2229 -# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2230 -# others? But we have no data.
2340 +# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2341 +# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2342 +# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2343 +# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2344 +# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2345 +# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2346 +# changed in May.
2347 + 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2348 +# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2349 + 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2350 + 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2351 +# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2352 +# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2353 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2354 + 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2355 +# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2356 +# time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2357 +# http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2358 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2359 +# Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2360 +# late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2361 +# and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2362 + 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2363 + 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2364 + 3:00 - MSK
2365 +
2366 +
2367 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2368 +# Europe/Volgograd covers...
2369 +# 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2370 +# 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2371 +# 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2372 +# 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2373 +
2374 +# From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
2375 +# Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
2376 +# Perhaps it switched after the others? But we have no data.
2377 +
2231 2378 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2232 2379 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2233 2380 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2234 2381 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2235 - 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2236 - 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2237 - 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2238 - 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2239 - 4:00 - VOLT
2240 -#
2241 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2242 -# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2243 -Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2382 + 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2383 + 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2384 + 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2385 + 3:00 Russia MSK 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2386 + 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2387 + 3:00 - MSK
2388 +
2389 +
2390 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2391 +# Europe/Samara covers...
2392 +# 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2393 +# 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2394 +
2395 +# Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2396 +
2397 +Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2244 2398 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2245 2399 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2246 - 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2247 - 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2248 - 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2249 - 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2250 - 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2251 - 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2400 + 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2401 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2402 + 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2403 + 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2404 + 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2405 + 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2252 2406 4:00 - SAMT
2253 2407
2408 +
2409 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2410 +# Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2411 +# 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2412 +# 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2413 +# 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2414 +# 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2415 +# 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2416 +# 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2417 +# 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2418 +# 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2419 +# 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2254 2420 #
2255 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2256 -# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2257 -# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2258 -# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2259 -# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2260 -# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2261 -Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2421 +# Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2422 +# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2423 +
2424 +# Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2425 +# Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2426 +# Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2427 +# The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2428 +
2429 +Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2430 + 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2262 2431 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2263 - 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2264 - 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2265 - 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2266 - 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2267 -#
2268 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2269 -# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2270 -Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2271 - 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2272 - 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2273 - 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2274 - 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2275 - 7:00 - OMST
2276 -#
2432 + 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2433 + 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2434 + 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2435 + 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2436 + 5:00 - YEKT
2437 +
2438 +
2439 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2440 +# Asia/Omsk covers...
2441 +# 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2442 +# 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2443 +# 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2444 +
2445 +# Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2446 +
2447 +Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2448 + 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2449 + 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2450 + 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2451 + 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2452 + 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2453 + 6:00 - OMST
2454 +
2455 +
2456 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2457 +# Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
2458 +# 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2459 +# 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2460 +
2277 2461 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2278 2462 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2279 -# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2280 -Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2463 +
2464 +Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2281 2465 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2282 - 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2283 - 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2466 + 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2467 + 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2284 2468 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2285 - 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2286 - 7:00 - NOVT
2469 + 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2470 + 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2471 + 6:00 - NOVT
2287 2472
2473 +
2474 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2475 +# Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2476 +# 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2477 +
2288 2478 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2289 2479 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2290 2480 # March 28, 2010:
2291 2481 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2292 2482 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2293 2483 #
2294 2484 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2295 2485 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2296 2486 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2297 2487 #
2298 2488 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2299 -# <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2300 2489 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2301 -# </a>
2302 2490 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2303 2491 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2304 -# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2305 2492 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2306 -# </a>
2307 2493 #
2308 2494 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2309 2495 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2310 2496 #
2311 2497 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2312 2498 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2313 2499
2500 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2501 +# The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2502 +# realigning itself with KRAT.
2503 +
2314 2504 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2315 2505 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2316 - 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2317 - 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2318 - 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2319 - 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2320 - 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2506 + 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2507 + 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2508 + 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2509 + 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk
2510 + 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2511 + 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time
2321 2512
2513 +
2514 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2515 +# Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2516 +# 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2517 +# 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2518 +# 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2322 2519 #
2323 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2324 -# Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2325 -# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2326 -# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2327 -Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2520 +# Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2521 +# Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2522 +
2523 +# Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2524 +
2525 +Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2328 2526 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2329 - 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2330 - 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2331 - 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2332 - 8:00 - KRAT
2527 + 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2528 + 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2529 + 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2530 + 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2531 + 7:00 - KRAT
2532 +
2533 +
2534 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2535 +# Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2536 +# 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2537 +# 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2333 2538 #
2334 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2335 -# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2336 -# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2337 -Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2338 - 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2539 +# Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2540 +# merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2541 +
2542 +# Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2543 +# Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2544 +# Go with Byalokoz.
2545 +
2546 +Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2547 + 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2339 2548 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2340 - 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2341 - 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2342 - 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2343 - 9:00 - IRKT
2549 + 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2550 + 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2551 + 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2552 + 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2553 + 8:00 - IRKT
2554 +
2555 +
2556 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2557 +# Asia/Chita covers...
2558 +# 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2344 2559 #
2345 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2346 -# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2347 -# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2560 +# Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2561 +# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2348 2562
2349 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2350 -# ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2351 -# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2352 -# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2563 +Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2564 + 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2565 + 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2566 + 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2567 + 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2568 + 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2569 + 8:00 - IRKT
2353 2570
2354 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2355 -# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2356 -# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2357 -# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2358 -# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2359 -# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2360 -# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2361 2571
2362 -Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2572 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2573 +# Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2574 +# 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2575 +#
2576 +# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2577 +# 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2578 +# 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2579 +# 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2580 +# 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2581 +# 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2582 +# 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2583 +# 14-11 **** Gorny District
2584 +# 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2585 +# 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2586 +# 14-14 **** Lensky District
2587 +# 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2588 +# 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2589 +# 14-18 **** Namsky District
2590 +# 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2591 +# 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2592 +# 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2593 +# 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2594 +# 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2595 +# 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2596 +# 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2597 +# 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2598 +# 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2599 +# 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2600 +
2601 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2602 +# Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2603 +# Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2604 +# Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2605 +
2606 +# Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2607 +
2608 +Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2363 2609 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2364 - 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2365 - 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2366 - 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2367 - 10:00 - YAKT
2610 + 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2611 + 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2612 + 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2613 + 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2614 + 9:00 - YAKT
2615 +
2616 +
2617 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2618 +# Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2619 +# 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2620 +# 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2621 +# 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2368 2622 #
2369 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2370 -# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2371 -# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2623 +# ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2624 +# 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2625 +# 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2372 2626
2373 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2374 -# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2375 -Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2627 +# Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2628 +# Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2629 +# Go with Byalokoz.
2630 +
2631 +Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2376 2632 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2377 - 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2378 - 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2379 - 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2380 - 11:00 - VLAT
2633 + 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2634 + 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2635 + 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2636 + 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2637 + 10:00 - VLAT
2381 2638
2639 +
2640 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2641 +# Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2642 +# 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2643 +# 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2644 +
2382 2645 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2383 2646 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2384 2647 # in 2011.
2385 -#
2648 +
2386 2649 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2387 2650 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2388 2651 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2389 2652 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2390 -#
2653 +
2391 2654 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2392 2655 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2393 - 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2394 - 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2656 + 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2657 + 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2395 2658 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2396 - 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2397 - 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2398 - 10:00 - YAKT
2659 + 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2660 + 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2661 + 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2662 + 9:00 - YAKT
2399 2663
2400 -#
2401 -# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2402 -# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2664 +
2665 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2666 +# Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2667 +# 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
2668 +# ...with the exception of:
2669 +# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2670 +
2671 +# The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2403 2672 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2404 - 9:00 - CJT 1938
2673 + 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
2405 2674 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2406 - 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2407 - 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2408 - 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2409 - 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2410 - 11:00 - SAKT
2411 -#
2412 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2413 -# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2414 -# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2675 + 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
2676 + 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2677 + 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2678 + 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2679 + 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2680 + 10:00 - SAKT
2415 2681
2416 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2417 -# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2418 -# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2682 +
2683 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2684 +# Asia/Magadan covers...
2685 +# 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
2686 +
2687 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2688 +# Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
2689 +# several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
2690 +# the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
2691 +# until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
2692 +# need their own zone.
2693 +
2419 2694 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2420 2695 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2421 - 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2422 - 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2423 - 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2424 - 12:00 - MAGT
2696 + 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2697 + 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2698 + 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2699 + 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2700 + 10:00 - MAGT
2425 2701
2702 +
2703 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2704 +# Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2705 +# 14-01 **** Abyysky District
2706 +# 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
2707 +# 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
2708 +# 14-17 **** Momsky District
2709 +# 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
2710 +# 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
2711 +#
2712 +# ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
2713 +# 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2714 +
2715 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
2716 +# Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
2717 +# most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
2718 +# 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
2719 +# of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
2720 +# Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
2721 +
2722 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2723 +# Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
2724 +# There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
2725 +# Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
2726 +#
2727 +# Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
2728 +# districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
2729 +# lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
2730 +# each! (Yikes!)
2731 +# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
2732 +# http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
2733 +# Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
2734 +#
2735 +# Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
2736 +# fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
2737 +# 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
2738 +# recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
2739 +# http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
2740 +# in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
2741 +# settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
2742 +# Go with Srednekolymsk.
2743 +#
2744 +# Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
2745 +# as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
2746 +
2747 +Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2748 + 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2749 + 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2750 + 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2751 + 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2752 + 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2753 + 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
2754 +
2755 +
2756 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2757 +# Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2758 +# 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
2759 +
2426 2760 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2427 -# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2761 +# Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
2428 2762 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2763 +#
2764 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2765 +# It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
2766 +# as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
2767 +# Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
2768 +# UTC+12 since at least then, too.
2769 +
2429 2770 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2430 2771 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2431 2772 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2432 - 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2433 - 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2434 - 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2435 - 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2436 - 11:00 - VLAT
2773 + 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2774 + 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2775 + 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2776 + 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2777 + 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2778 + 10:00 - VLAT
2437 2779
2438 -# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2439 -# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2780 +
2781 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2782 +# Asia/Kamchatka covers...
2783 +# 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
2440 2784 #
2441 -# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2785 +# Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
2786 +# Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
2787 +
2788 +# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
2789 +# Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
2442 2790 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2443 2791 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2444 - 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2445 - 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2446 - 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2447 - 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2792 + 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2793 + 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2794 + 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2795 + 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2448 2796 12:00 - PETT
2449 -#
2450 -# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2797 +
2798 +
2799 +# From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2800 +# Asia/Anadyr covers...
2801 +# 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
2802 +
2451 2803 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2452 2804 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2453 - 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2454 - 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2455 - 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2456 - 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2457 - 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2805 + 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2806 + 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2807 + 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2808 + 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2809 + 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2458 2810 12:00 - ANAT
2459 2811
2812 +
2460 2813 # San Marino
2461 2814 # See Europe/Rome.
2462 2815
2463 2816 # Serbia
2464 2817 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2465 2818 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2466 2819 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2467 2820 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2468 - 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2821 + 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2469 2822 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2470 -# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2823 +# Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
2471 2824 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2472 -# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2825 +# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
2473 2826 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2474 2827 1:00 EU CE%sT
2475 2828 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2476 2829 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2477 2830 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2478 2831 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2479 2832 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2480 2833
2481 2834 # Slovakia
2482 2835 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2483 2836
2484 2837 # Slovenia
2485 2838 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2486 2839
2487 2840 # Spain
2488 2841 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2489 2842 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2490 2843 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2491 2844 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2492 2845 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2493 2846 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2494 2847 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2495 2848 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2496 2849 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2497 2850 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2498 2851 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2499 2852 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2500 2853 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2501 2854 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2502 2855 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2503 2856 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2504 2857 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2505 2858 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2506 2859 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2507 2860 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2508 2861 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2509 2862 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2510 2863 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2511 2864 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2512 2865 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2513 2866 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2514 2867 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2515 2868 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2516 2869 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2517 2870 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2518 2871 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2519 2872 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2520 2873 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2521 2874 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2522 2875 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2523 2876 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2524 2877 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2525 2878 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2526 2879 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2527 2880 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2528 2881 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2529 2882 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2530 2883 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2531 2884 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2532 2885 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2533 2886 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2534 2887 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2535 2888 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2536 2889 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2537 2890 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
|
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55 lines elided |
↑ open up ↑ |
2538 2891 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2539 2892 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2540 2893 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2541 2894 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2542 2895 1:00 EU CE%sT
2543 2896 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2544 2897 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2545 2898 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2546 2899 0:00 - WET 1924
2547 2900 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2548 - 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2901 + 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2549 2902 1:00 - CET 1986
2550 2903 1:00 EU CE%sT
2551 2904 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2552 - -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2553 - 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2554 - 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2905 + -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
2906 + 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2907 + 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2555 2908 0:00 EU WE%sT
2556 2909 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2557 2910 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2558 2911
2559 2912 # Sweden
2560 2913
2561 2914 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2562 2915 #
2563 -# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2916 +# The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2564 2917 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2565 2918 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2566 2919 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2567 2920 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2568 2921 #
2569 2922 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2570 2923 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2571 2924 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2572 2925 #
2573 2926 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2574 -# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2927 +# författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2575 2928 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2576 2929 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2577 2930 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2578 2931 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2579 2932 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2580 2933 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2581 2934 #
2582 -# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2935 +# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2583 2936 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2584 2937 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2585 2938 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2586 2939 #
2587 2940 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2588 2941 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2589 2942 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2590 2943 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2591 2944 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2592 -# the Sok-button).
2945 +# the Sök-button).
2593 2946 #
2594 2947 # (2001-05-13):
2595 2948 #
2596 2949 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2597 2950 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2598 2951 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2599 2952 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2600 2953 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2601 2954 # hour before the event took place.
2602 2955 #
2603 2956 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2604 2957
2605 2958 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2606 2959 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2607 - 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2960 + 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2608 2961 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2609 - 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2962 + 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
2610 2963 1:00 - CET 1980
2611 2964 1:00 EU CE%sT
2612 2965
2613 2966 # Switzerland
2614 2967 # From Howse:
2615 2968 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2616 2969 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2617 -# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2970 +# mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
2618 2971 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2619 2972 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2620 2973 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2621 2974 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2622 2975 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2623 2976 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2624 2977 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2625 2978
2626 2979 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2627 2980 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2628 2981 #
2629 2982 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2630 2983 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2631 2984 #
2632 2985 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2633 -# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2986 +# government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2634 2987 # federal law collection)...
2635 2988 #
2636 2989 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2637 2990 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2638 2991 #
2639 2992 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2640 2993 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2641 2994 #
2642 2995 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2643 2996 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2644 2997 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2645 2998 # other years are made.
2646 2999 #
2647 3000 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2648 3001 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2649 3002 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2650 3003 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2651 3004 #
2652 -# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
3005 +# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
2653 3006 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2654 3007 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2655 3008 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2656 3009 #
2657 3010 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2658 3011 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2659 3012 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2660 3013 #
2661 3014 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2662 3015 #
2663 3016 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2664 3017 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
2665 3018 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2666 -# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
3019 +# the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
2667 3020 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2668 3021 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2669 3022 #
2670 3023 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
2671 3024 # The Federal regulations say
2672 3025 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
2673 -# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50".
3026 +# ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
2674 3027 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
2675 3028
2676 3029 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
2677 -# the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893)
2678 -# <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
3030 +# the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3031 +# http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
2679 3032 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
2680 3033 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
2681 3034 # hour before the beginning of service.
2682 3035
2683 3036 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
2684 3037 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
2685 3038 #
2686 3039 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
2687 3040 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
2688 3041 #
2689 -# Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und
3042 +# Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
2690 3043 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
2691 3044 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
2692 3045 #
2693 3046 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
2694 3047 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
2695 3048 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
2696 -# "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3049 +# "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
2697 3050 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
2698 3051 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
2699 3052 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
2700 3053 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
2701 3054 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
2702 3055 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
2703 3056 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
2704 3057
2705 3058 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2706 3059 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2707 3060 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2708 3061 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2709 3062 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
2710 - 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3063 + 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2711 3064 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2712 3065 1:00 EU CE%sT
2713 3066
2714 3067 # Turkey
2715 3068
2716 3069 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2717 3070 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2718 -# ... The latest rules are available at -
3071 +# ... The latest rules are available at:
2719 3072 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2720 3073 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2721 3074 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2722 3075 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2723 3076 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2724 3077 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2725 3078 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2726 3079 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2727 3080 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2728 3081 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2729 3082 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2730 3083 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2731 3084 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2732 3085
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2733 3086 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2734 3087 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2735 3088 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2736 3089 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2737 3090 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2738 3091 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2739 3092 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2740 3093 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2741 3094 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2742 3095
2743 -# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2744 -#
3096 +# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2745 3097 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2746 3098 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2747 3099 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2748 -#
2749 -# <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2750 3100 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2751 -# </a>
2752 3101 # Turkish:
2753 -# <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2754 3102 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2755 -# </a>
2756 3103
3104 +# From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3105 +# The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3106 +# Turkish Local election....
3107 +# http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3108 +# ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3109 +# From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3110 +# Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3111 +# I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3112 +# change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3113 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3114 +# The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3115 +# change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3116 +# Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3117 +# http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3118 +# I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3119 +
2757 3120 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2758 3121 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2759 3122 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2760 3123 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2761 3124 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2762 3125 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2763 3126 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2764 3127 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2765 3128 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2766 3129 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2767 3130 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2768 3131 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2769 3132 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2770 3133 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2771 3134 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2772 3135 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2773 3136 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2774 3137 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2775 3138 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2776 3139 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2777 3140 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2778 3141 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2779 3142 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2780 3143 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2781 3144 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2782 3145 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2783 3146 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2784 3147 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2785 3148 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2786 3149 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2787 3150 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2788 3151 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2789 3152 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2790 3153 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2791 3154 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2792 3155 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2793 3156 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2794 3157 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2795 3158 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2796 3159 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2797 3160 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2798 3161 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2799 3162 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2800 3163 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2801 3164 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2802 3165 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2803 3166 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2804 3167 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2805 3168 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2806 3169 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2807 3170 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2808 3171 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2809 3172 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2810 3173 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2811 3174 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
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2812 3175 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2813 3176 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2814 3177 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2815 3178 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2816 3179 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2817 3180 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2818 3181 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2819 3182 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2820 3183 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2821 3184 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2822 - 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2823 - 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3185 + 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3186 + 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3187 + 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3188 + 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
2824 3189 2:00 EU EE%sT
2825 3190 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2826 3191
2827 3192 # Ukraine
2828 3193 #
2829 3194 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
2830 3195 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2831 3196 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
2832 3197 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2833 3198 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2834 3199 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2835 3200 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2836 3201
2837 3202 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2838 3203 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2839 3204 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2840 3205 #
2841 3206 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2842 3207 # approval from 266 deputies.
2843 3208 #
2844 -# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2845 -# <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/">
3209 +# Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
2846 3210 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2847 -# </a>
2848 3211 #
2849 3212 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2850 -# <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html">
2851 3213 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2852 -# </a>
2853 3214 #
2854 3215 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2855 -# <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/">
2856 3216 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2857 -# </a>
2858 3217 #
2859 3218 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2860 3219 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2861 3220 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2862 3221 # time this year after all.
2863 3222 #
2864 3223 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2865 3224 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
2866 3225 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2867 3226 # to Russia) was reverted today:
2868 -#
2869 -# <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995">
2870 3227 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2871 -# </a>
2872 3228 #
2873 3229 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2874 3230 # The law documents themselves are at
2875 -#
2876 -# <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484">
2877 3231 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2878 -# </a>
2879 3232
3233 +# From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3234 +# First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3235 +# 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3236 +# 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3237 +# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3238 +# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3239 +#
3240 +# They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3241 +# "summer time" was still in action):
3242 +# 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3243 +# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3244 +# http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3245 +#
3246 +# Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3247 +# 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3248 +#
3249 +# DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3250 +# 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3251 +# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3252 +# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3253 +# This is an answer.
3254 +#
3255 +# Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3256 +# 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3257 +# 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3258 +# * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3259 +# http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
2880 3260
2881 3261 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2882 3262 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2883 3263 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2884 3264 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2885 3265 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2886 3266 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2887 3267 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2888 3268 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2889 3269 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2890 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2891 - 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2892 - 2:00 - EET 1992
3270 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3271 + 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
2893 3272 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2894 3273 2:00 EU EE%sT
2895 3274 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2896 -# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3275 +# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
2897 3276 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2898 3277 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2899 3278 1:00 - CET 1940
2900 3279 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2901 3280 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2902 3281 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2903 3282 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2904 - 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2905 - 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3283 + 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3284 + 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2906 3285 2:00 - EET 1992
2907 3286 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2908 3287 2:00 EU EE%sT
2909 3288 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2910 3289 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2911 3290 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2912 3291 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2913 3292 # portable Posix file names.
2914 3293 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2915 3294 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2916 3295 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2917 3296 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2918 3297 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2919 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3298 + 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2920 3299 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2921 3300 2:00 EU EE%sT
2922 -# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2923 -Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2924 - 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2925 - 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2926 - 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2927 - 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2928 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2929 - 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2930 - 2:00 - EET 1992
2931 -# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2932 -# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2933 -# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2934 -# Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2935 -# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2936 -# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2937 -# changed in May.
2938 - 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2939 -# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2940 - 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2941 - 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2942 -# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2943 -# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2944 - 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2945 - 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2946 - 2:00 EU EE%sT
2947 3301
2948 3302 # Vatican City
2949 3303 # See Europe/Rome.
2950 3304
2951 3305 ###############################################################################
2952 3306
2953 3307 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2954 3308 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2955 3309 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2956 3310 #
2957 3311 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2958 3312 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2959 3313 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
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2960 3314 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2961 3315 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2962 3316 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2963 3317
2964 3318 # ...
2965 3319 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2966 3320 # From: Tom Hofmann
2967 3321 # ...
2968 3322 #
2969 3323 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2970 -# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
3324 +# most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
2971 3325 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2972 3326 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2973 3327 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2974 3328 # years...
2975 3329 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2976 3330 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2977 3331 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2978 -# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
3332 +# lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
2979 3333 #
2980 3334 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2981 3335 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2982 3336 #
2983 3337 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2984 3338 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2985 3339 # ...
2986 3340
2987 3341 # ...
2988 3342 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2989 3343 # From: Dik T. Winter
2990 3344 # ...
2991 3345 #
2992 3346 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2993 3347 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2994 3348 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2995 3349 #
2996 3350 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2997 3351 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2998 3352 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2999 3353 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3000 3354 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3001 3355 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3002 3356 # dates...
3003 3357 #
3004 3358 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3005 3359 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3006 3360 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3007 3361 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3008 3362 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3009 3363 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3010 3364 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3011 3365 # in advance of normal time.
3012 3366 #
3013 3367 # ...
3014 3368 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3015 3369 # ...
3016 3370
3017 3371 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3018 3372 # ...
3019 3373 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3020 3374 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3021 3375 # ...
3022 3376 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3023 3377 # ...
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