1 # <pre>
2 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
3 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
4
5 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
6 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
7 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
8
9 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
10 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
12 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13 #
14 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
15 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
18 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
19 #
20 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
21 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
22 #
23 # Other sources occasionally used include:
24 #
25 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
26 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
27 # which I found in the UCLA library.
28 #
29 # <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">
30 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
31 # </a> (1914-03)
32 #
33 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
34 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
35 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
36 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
37 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
38 #
39 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
40 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
41 # History of Summer Time
42 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
43
44 #
45 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
46 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
47 # Corrections are welcome!
48 # std dst 2dst
49 # LMT Local Mean Time
50 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
51 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
52 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
53 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
54 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
55 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
56 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
57 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
58 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
59 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
60 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
61 # 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
62 #
63 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
64 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
65
66 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
67 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
68 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
69 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
70 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
71 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
72 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
73 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
74 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
75 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
76 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
77 # ...
78 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
79 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
80 # ...
81 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
82 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
83 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
84 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
85 # in the Directive.
86
87
88 ###############################################################################
89
90 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
91
92 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
93 #
94 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
95 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
96 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
97 # of the text said:
98 #
99 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
100 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
101 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
102 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
103 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
104 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
105 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
106 #
107 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
108 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
109 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
110 #
111 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
112
113 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
114 #
115 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
116 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
117 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
118 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
119 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
120 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
121 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
122 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
123 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
124 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
125 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
126 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
127 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
128 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
129 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
130 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
131 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
132 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
133 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
134 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
135 #
136 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
137 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
138 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
139
140 # From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
141 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
142 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
143 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
144 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
145 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
146 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
147 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
148 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
149 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
150 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
151 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
152 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
153 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
154 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the...William Willett Memorial Sundial,
155 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
156
157 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
158 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
159 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
160 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
161 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
162 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
163 # -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">
164 # "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
165 # </a>
166
167 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
168 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
169 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
170 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
171 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
172
173 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
174 #
175 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
176 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
177
178 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
179 # From: Jonathan Leffler
180 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
181 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
182 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
183
184 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
185 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
186 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
187 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
188 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
189
190 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
191 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
192 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
193 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
194
195 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
196 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
197 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
198 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
199 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
200 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
201 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
202 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png
203
204 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
205 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
206 # which is to be introduced in May....
207 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
208 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
209
210 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
211 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
212 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
213 # so we use 'BDST'.
214
215 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
216 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
217 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
218 # and extending this list, which can be found in
219 # http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/
220 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
221 # History of legal time in Britain
222 # </a>
223 # Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
224 # exists, and the article can now be found at:
225 # <a href="http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/">
226 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
227 # </a>
228
229 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
230 #
231 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
232 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
233 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
234 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
235 # </a>.
236
237 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
238 #
239 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
240 #
241 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
242 # are incorrect:
243 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
244 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
245 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
246 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
247 # It actually just had one transition.
248 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
249 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
250 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
251 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
252 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
253 #
254 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
255 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
256 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
257 # conform with Great Britain.
258 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
259 #
260 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
261 # we'll ignore it for now.
262 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
263 #
264 #
265 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
266 # Shanks & Pottenger.
267 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
268 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
269 # to London. For example:
270 #
271 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
272 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
273
274 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
275 # Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include
276 # various relating to legal time, for example:
277 #
278 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
279 #
280 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
281 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
282 #
283 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
284 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
285 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
286 #
287 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
288 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
289 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
290 #
291 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
292 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
293 #
294 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
295 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
296 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
297 #
298 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
299 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
300 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
301 # being GMT+1.)
302
303 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
304 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
305 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
306 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
307 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
308 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
309 # and Frethun run in CT.
310 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
311 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
312 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
313 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
314 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
315 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
316
317 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
318 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
319 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
320 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
321 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
322 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
323 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
324
325 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
326 # Summer Time Act, 1916
327 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
328 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
329 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
330 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
331 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
332 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
333 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
334 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
335 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
336 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
337 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
338 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
339 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
340 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
341 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
342 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
343 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
344 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
345 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
346 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
347 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
348 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
349 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
350 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
351 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
353 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
354 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
355 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
356 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
357 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
358 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
359 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
360 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
361 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
362 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
363 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
364 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
365 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
366 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
367 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
368 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
369 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
370 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
371 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
372 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
373 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
374 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
375 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
376 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
377 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
378 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
379 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
380 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
381 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
382 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
383 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
385 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
387 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
388 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
389 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
390 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
391 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
392 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
393 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
394 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
395 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
396 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
398 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
399 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
400 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
401 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
402 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
403 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
405 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
406 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
407 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
408 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
409 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
410 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
411 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
412 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
413 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
414 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
416 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
418 # (no summer time)
419 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
420 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
422 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
423 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
424 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
425 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
426 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
427 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
428 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
429 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
430 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
431 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
432 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
433 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
434 #
435 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
436
437 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
438 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
439 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
440 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
441 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
442 0:00 EU GMT/BST
443 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
444 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
445 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
446 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
447 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
448 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
449 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
450 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
451 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
452 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
453 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
454 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
455 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
456 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
457 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
458 0:00 EU GMT/IST
459
460 ###############################################################################
461
462 # Europe
463
464 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
465 # Common Market, etc.
466
467 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
468 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
469 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
470 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
471 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
472 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
473 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
474 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
475 # <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">
476 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
477 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
478 # </a>
479
480 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
481 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
482 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
483 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
484 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
485 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
486 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
487
488 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
489 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
490 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
491 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
492 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
493 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
494 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
495 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
496 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
497 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
498 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
499 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
500 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
501 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
502 #
503 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
504 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
505 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
506 # tz database itself, as seen below:
507 #
508 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
509 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
510 #
511 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
512 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
513 #
514 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
515 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
516 #
517 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
518 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
519 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
520 #
521 # The rule line to be changed is:
522 #
523 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
524 #
525 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
526 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
527 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
528 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
529 # CET and MET:
530 #
531 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
532 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
533 #
534 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
535 #
536 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
537 #
538 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
539 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
540 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
541 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
542 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
543 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
544 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
545 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
546
547 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
548 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
549 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
550 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
551 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
552 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
553 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
554
555 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
556 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
557 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
558 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
559 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
560 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
561 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
562 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
563 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
564 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
565 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
566 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
567 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
568 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
569 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
570 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
571 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
572 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
573 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
574 #
575 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
576 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
577 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
578 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
579 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
580
581 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
582 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
583 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
584 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
585 #
586 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
587 # <a href="http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583">
588 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
589 # </a>
590 #
591 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
592 # <a href="http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html">
593 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
594 # </a>
595
596 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
597 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
598 # to be standard.
599
600 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
601
602 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
603 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
604 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
605 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
606 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
607
608 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
609 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
610
611 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
612 # The official German names ... are
613 #
614 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
615 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
616 #
617 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
618 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
619 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
620 #
621 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
622 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
623 # Postfach 3345
624 # D-38023 Braunschweig
625 # phone: +49 531 592-0
626 #
627 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
628 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
629 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
630 #
631 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
632 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
633
634
635 # Albania
636 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
637 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
638 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
639 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
640 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
641 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
642 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
643 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
644 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
645 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
646 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
647 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
648 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
649 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
650 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
651 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
652 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
653 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
654 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
655 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
656 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
657 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
658 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
659 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
660 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
661 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
662 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
663 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
664 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
665 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
666 1:00 EU CE%sT
667
668 # Andorra
669 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
670 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
671 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
672 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
673 1:00 EU CE%sT
674
675 # Austria
676
677 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
678
679 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
680 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
681 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
682 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
683 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
684 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
685
686 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
687 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
688 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
689 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
690 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
691 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
692 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
693 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
694 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
695 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
696 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
698 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
699 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
700 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
701 1:00 - CET 1946
702 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
703 1:00 EU CE%sT
704
705 # Belarus
706 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
707 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
708 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
709 #
710 # Sources (Russian language):
711 # 1.
712 # <a href="http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html">
713 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
714 # </a>
715 # 2.
716 # <a href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/">
717 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
718 # </a>
719 # 3.
720 # <a href="http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html">
721 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
722 # </a>
723 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
724 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
725 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
726 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
727 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
728 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
729 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
730 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
731 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
732 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
733 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
734 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
735 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
736
737 # Belgium
738 #
739 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
740 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
741 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
742 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
743 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
744 # pp 8-9.
745 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
746 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
747 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
748 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
749 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
750 #
751 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
752 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
753 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
754 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
755 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
756 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
757 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
758 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
759 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
760 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
761 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
762 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
763 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
764 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
765 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
766 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
767 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
768 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
769 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
770 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
771 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
772 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
773 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
774 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
775 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
777 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
778 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
779 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
780 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
781 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
782 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
783 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
784 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
785 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
786 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
787 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
788 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
789 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
790 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
791 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
792 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
793 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
794 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
795 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
796 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
797 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
798 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
799 1:00 EU CE%sT
800
801 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
802 # See Europe/Belgrade.
803
804 # Bulgaria
805 #
806 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
807 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
808 # EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
809 # EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
810 #
811 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
812 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
813 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
814 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
815 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
816 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
817 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
818 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
819 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
820 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
821 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
822 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
823 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
824 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
825 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
826 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
827 2:00 EU EE%sT
828
829 # Croatia
830 # See Europe/Belgrade.
831
832 # Cyprus
833 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
834
835 # Czech Republic
836 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
837 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
838 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
839 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
840 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
841 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
842 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
844 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
845 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
846 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
847 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
848 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
849 1:00 EU CE%sT
850 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
851
852 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
853
854 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
855 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
856 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
857 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
858 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
859 #
860 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
861 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
862 #
863 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
864 # in subsequenet decrees with the law
865 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
866 #
867 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
868 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
869 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
870 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
871 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
872 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
873 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
874 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
875 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
876 # was suspended on that night):
877 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
878
879 # From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
880 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
881 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
882
883 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
884 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
885 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
886
887 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
888 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
889 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
890 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
891 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
892 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
893 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
894 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
895 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
896 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
897 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
898 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
899 #
900 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
901 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
902 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
903 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
904 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
905 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
906 1:00 EU CE%sT
907 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
908 0:00 - WET 1981
909 0:00 EU WE%sT
910 #
911 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
912 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
913 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
914 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
915 #
916 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
917 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
918 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
919 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
920 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
921 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
922
923 # From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
924 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
925 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
926 #
927 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
928 # is according to the following time line:
929 #
930 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
931 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
932 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
933 # Danmarkshavn UTC
934 #
935 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
936 # introduced.
937
938 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
939 #
940 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
941 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
942 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
943 # info from earlier correspondence.]
944 #
945 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
946 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
947 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
948 #
949 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
950 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
951 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
952 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
953 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
954 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
955 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
956 #
957 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
958 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
959 #
960 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
961 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
962 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
963 #
964 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
965 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
966 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
967 # this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
968 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
969
970 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
971 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
972 # there at 2:00 AM.
973
974 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
975 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
976 # the 1995 map as like Godthab.
977 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
978 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
979 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
980 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
981 #
982 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
983 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
984 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
985 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
986 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
987 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
988 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
989 #
990 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
991 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
992 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
993 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
994 0:00 - GMT
995 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
996 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
997 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
998 -1:00 EU EG%sT
999 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1000 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1001 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1002 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1003 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1004
1005 # Estonia
1006 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1007 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1008 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1009 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1010 #
1011 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1012 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1013 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1014 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1015 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1016 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1017 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1018 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1019 # summer time next spring."
1020
1021 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1022 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1023 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1024 # </a>
1025 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1026 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1027 #
1028 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1029 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1030 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1031
1032 # From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)
1033 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1034 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1035 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1036 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1037 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1038 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1039 # after that.
1040
1041 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1042 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1043 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1044 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1045
1046 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1047 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1048 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1049 #
1050 # From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
1051 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1052
1053 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1054 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1055 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1056 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1057 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1058 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1059 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1060 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1061 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1062 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1063 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1064 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1065 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1066 2:00 EU EE%sT
1067
1068 # Finland
1069
1070 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1071 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1072 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1073
1074 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1075 #
1076 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1077 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1078 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1079 # according to the central European standards.
1080 #
1081 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1082 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1083 # Finnish) at
1084 #
1085 # <a href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf">
1086 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1087 # </a>
1088 #
1089 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1090 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1091 #
1092 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1093 #
1094 # <a href="http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401">
1095 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1096 # </a>
1097 #
1098 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1099 # exist tonight."
1100
1101 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1102 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1103 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1104 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1105 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1106 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1107 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1108 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1109 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1110 2:00 EU EE%sT
1111
1112 # Aaland Is
1113 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1114
1115
1116 # France
1117
1118 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1119 #
1120 # Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
1121 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1122 #
1123 # Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
1124 # Paris, 1991
1125 #
1126 # Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
1127 # Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
1128
1129
1130 #
1131 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1132 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1133 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1134 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1135 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1136 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1137 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1138 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1139 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1140 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1141 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1142 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1143 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1144 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1145 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1146 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1147 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1149 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1151 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1152 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1154 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1155 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1156 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1157 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1158 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1159 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1163 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1164 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1165 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1166 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1167 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1168 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
1169 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
1170 # Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1171 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1172 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
1173 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1174 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1175 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1176 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1177 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1178 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1179 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1180 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1181 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1182 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1183 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1184 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1185 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1186 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1187 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1188 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1189 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1190 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1191 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1192 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1193 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1194 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1195 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1196 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1197 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1198 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1199 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1200 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1201 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1202 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1203 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1204 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1205 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1206 1:00 EU CE%sT
1207
1208 # Germany
1209
1210 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1211 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1212 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1213 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1214
1215 # From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1216 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1217 # <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">
1218 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
1219
1220 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1221 # <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">
1222 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1223 # </a>
1224 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1225 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1226 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1227
1228
1229 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1230 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1231 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1232 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1233 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1234 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1235 # Go with the PTB.
1236 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1237 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1238 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1239 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1240 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1241
1242 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1243 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1244 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1245
1246 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1247 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1248 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1249 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1250 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1251 1:00 EU CE%sT
1252
1253 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1254 # Busingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1255 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1256 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1257 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1258 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1259 #
1260 # Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
1261 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1262
1263 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1264 # Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1265
1266 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1267
1268 # Georgia
1269 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1270 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1271 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1272
1273 # Gibraltar
1274 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1275 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1276 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1277 1:00 - CET 1982
1278 1:00 EU CE%sT
1279
1280 # Greece
1281 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1282 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1283 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1284 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1285 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1286 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1287 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1288 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1289 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1290 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1291 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1292 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1293 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1294 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1295 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1296 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1297 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1298 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1299 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1300 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1301 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1302 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1303 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1304 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1305 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1306 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1307 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1308 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1309 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1310 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1311 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1312 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1313 2:00 EU EE%sT
1314
1315 # Hungary
1316 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1317 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1318 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1319 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1320 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1321 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1322 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1323 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1324 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1325 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1326 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1327 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1328 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1329 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1330 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1331 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1332 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1333 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1334 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1335 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1336 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1337 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1338 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1339 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1340 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1341 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1342 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1343 1:00 EU CE%sT
1344
1345 # Iceland
1346 #
1347 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1348 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1349 #
1350 # (1993-12-05):
1351 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1352 # Iceland Almanak.
1353 #
1354 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1355 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1356 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1357 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1358 #
1359 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1360 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1361 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1362 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1363 #
1364 # (1993-12-10):
1365 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1366 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1367 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1368 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1369 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1370 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1371 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1372 # might mean something else (???).
1373 #
1374 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1375 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1376 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1377 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1378 #
1379 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1380 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1381 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1382 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1383 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1384 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1385 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1386 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1387 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1388 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1389 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1390 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1391 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1392 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1393 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1394 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1395 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1396 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1397 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1398 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1399 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1400 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1401 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1402 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1403 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1404 0:00 - GMT
1405
1406 # Italy
1407 #
1408 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1409 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1410 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1411 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1412 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1413 # so record only the time in Rome.
1414 #
1415 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1416 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1417 # F. Pollastri
1418 # <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">
1419 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1420 # </a>
1421 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1422 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1423 #
1424 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1425 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1426 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1427 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1428 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1429 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1430 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1431 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1432 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1433 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1434 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1435 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1436 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1437 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1438 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1439 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1440 #
1441 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1442 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1443 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1444 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1445 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1446 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1447 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1448 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1449 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1450 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1451 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1452 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1453 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1454 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1455 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1456 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1457 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1458 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1459 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1460 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1461 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1462 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1463 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1464 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1465 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1466 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1467 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1468 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1469 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1470 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1471 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1472 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1473 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1474 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1475 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1476 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1477 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1478 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1479 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1480 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1481 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1482 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1483 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1484 1:00 EU CE%sT
1485
1486 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1487 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1488
1489 # Latvia
1490
1491 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1492
1493 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1494 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1495 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1496 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1497 #
1498 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1499 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1500 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1501 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1502 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1503 #
1504 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1505 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1506 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1507 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1508 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1509 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1510 #
1511 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1512 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1513 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1514 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1515 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1516 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1517 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1518 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1519 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1520 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1521 #
1522 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1523 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1524 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1525
1526 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1527 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1528 # <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">
1529 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1530 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
1531
1532 # <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">
1533 # From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1534 # </a>
1535 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1536 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1537 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1538 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1539 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
1540 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1541 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1542 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1543 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1544 # appears that they will not do so....
1545
1546 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1547 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1548 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1549 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1550 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1551 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1552 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1553 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1554 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1555 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1556 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1557 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1558 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1559 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1560 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1561 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1562 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1563 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1564 2:00 EU EE%sT
1565
1566 # Liechtenstein
1567
1568 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1569 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1570
1571 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1572 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1573 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1574 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1575 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1576 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1577 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1578 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1579 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1580
1581 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1582
1583
1584 # Lithuania
1585
1586 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1587 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1588 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1589
1590 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1591 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1592 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1593
1594 # From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),
1595 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1596 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1597 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1598 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1599 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1600 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1601 # already done by Estonia.
1602
1603 # From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">
1604 # Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1605 # </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1606
1607 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1608 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1609 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1610 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1611 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1612 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1613 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1614
1615
1616 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1617 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1618 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1619 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1620 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1621 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1622 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1623 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1624 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1625 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1626 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1627 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1628 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1629 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1630 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1631 2:00 EU EE%sT
1632
1633 # Luxembourg
1634 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1635 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1636 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1637 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1638 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1639 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1640 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1641 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1642 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1643 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1644 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1645 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1646 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1647 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1648 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1649 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1650 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1651 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1652 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1653 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1654 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1655 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1656 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1657 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1658 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1659 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1660 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1661 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1662 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1663 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1664 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1665 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1666 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1667 1:00 EU CE%sT
1668
1669 # Macedonia
1670 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1671
1672 # Malta
1673 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1674 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1675 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1676 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1677 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1678 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1679 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1680 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1681 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1682 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1683 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1684 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1685 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1686 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1687 1:00 EU CE%sT
1688
1689 # Moldova
1690
1691 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1692 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1693 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1694 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1695 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1696 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1697 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1698 # But [two people] separately reported via
1699 # Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1700 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1701 #
1702 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1703 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1704 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1705 # to the Winter Time).
1706 #
1707 # News (in Russian):
1708 # <a href="http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html">
1709 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1710 # </a>
1711 #
1712 # <a href="http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html">
1713 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1714 # </a>
1715 #
1716 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1717 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1718 #
1719 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1720 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1721 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1722 #
1723 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1724 #
1725 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1726 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1727 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1728 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1729 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1730 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1731 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1732 # <a href="http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html">
1733 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1734 # </a>
1735
1736
1737 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1738 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1739 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1740 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1741 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1742 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1743 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1744 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1745 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1746 2:00 - EET 1991
1747 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1748 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1749 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1750 2:00 EU EE%sT
1751
1752 # Monaco
1753 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1754 # more precise 0:09:21.
1755 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1756 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1757 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1758 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1759 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1760 1:00 EU CE%sT
1761
1762 # Montenegro
1763 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1764
1765 # Netherlands
1766
1767 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1768 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1769
1770 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1771 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1772 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1773 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1774 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1775 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1776 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1777 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1778 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1779 #
1780 # (2001-04-08):
1781 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1782 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1783 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1784 #
1785 # (2001-04-09):
1786 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1787 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1788 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1789 # actually followed.
1790 #
1791 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1792 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1793 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1794 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1795 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1796 #
1797 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1798 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1799 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1800 # Amsterdam mean time.
1801
1802 # The data before 1945 are taken from
1803 # <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.
1804
1805 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1806 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1807 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1808 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1809 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1810 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1811 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1812 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1813 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1814 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1815 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1816 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1817 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1818 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1819 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1820 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1821 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1822 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1823 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1824 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1825 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1826 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1827 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1828 #
1829 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1830 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1831 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1832 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1833 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1834 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1835 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1836 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1837 1:00 EU CE%sT
1838
1839 # Norway
1840 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1841 # Pottenger.
1842 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1843 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1844 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1845 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1846 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1847 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1848 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1849 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1850 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1851 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1852 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1853 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1854 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1855 1:00 EU CE%sT
1856
1857 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1858
1859 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1860 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1861 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1862 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1863 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1864 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1865 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and
1866 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation
1867 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1868 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1869 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1870 # http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been
1871 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1872 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
1873 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1874 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1875 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1876 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1877
1878 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1879 #
1880 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1881 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1882 # keeping Berlin time.
1883 #
1884 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1885 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1886 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1887 # frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1888 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1889 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1890 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1891 #
1892 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1893 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1894 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1895 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1896 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1897 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1898 # <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>
1899 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1900 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1901 #
1902 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1903 # for these regions.
1904 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1905
1906 # Poland
1907 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1908 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1909 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1910 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1911 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1912 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1913 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1914 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1915 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1916 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1917 # Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1918 # <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>
1919 # Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1920 # He also gives these further references:
1921 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1922 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1923 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1924 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1925 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1926 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1927 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1928 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1929 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1930 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1931 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1932 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1933 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1934 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1935 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1936 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1937 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1938 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1939 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1940 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1941 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1942 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1943 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1944 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1945 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1946 1:00 EU CE%sT
1947
1948 # Portugal
1949 #
1950 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1951 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1952 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1953 #
1954 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1955 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1956 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1957 #
1958 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1959 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1960 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1961 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1962 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1963 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1964 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1965 #
1966 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1967 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1968 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1969 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1970 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1971 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1972 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1973 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1974 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1975 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1976 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1977 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1978 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1979 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1980 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1981 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1982 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1983 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1984 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1985 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1986 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1987 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1988 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1989 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1990 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1991 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1992 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1993 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1994 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1995 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1996 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1997 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1998 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1999 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2000 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2001 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2002 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2003 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2004 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2005 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2006 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2007 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2008 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2009 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2010 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2011 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2012 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2013 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2014 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2015 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2016 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2017 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2018 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2019 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2020 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2021 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2022 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2023 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2024 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2025 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2026 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2027 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2028 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2029 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2030 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
2031 # Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
2032 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
2033 -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2034 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2035 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2036 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2037 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2038 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2039 0:00 EU WE%sT
2040 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2041 -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
2042 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2043 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2044 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2045 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2046 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2047 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2048 -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
2049 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2050 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2051 0:00 EU WE%sT
2052
2053 # Romania
2054 #
2055 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2056 # <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">
2057 # Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2058 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2059 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2060 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2061 #
2062 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2063 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2064 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2065 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2066 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2067 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2068 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2069 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2070 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2071 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2072 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2073 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2074 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2075 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2076 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2077 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2078 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2079 2:00 EU EE%sT
2080
2081 # Russia
2082
2083 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2084 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2085 # (Government document
2086 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/">
2087 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2088 # </a>
2089 # in Russian)
2090 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2091 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2092 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2093 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm">
2094 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2095 # </a>
2096
2097 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2098 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2099 # <a href="http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966">
2100 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2101 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2102
2103 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2104 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2105 # changed in September 2011:
2106 #
2107 # One source is
2108 # < a href="http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/>
2109 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2110 # </a>
2111 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2112 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2113 #
2114 # Another source is
2115 # <a href="http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html">
2116 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2117 # </a>
2118 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2119 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2120 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2121 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2122 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2123 #
2124 # Another source is
2125 # <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7">
2126 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2127 # </a>
2128 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2129 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2130 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2131 #
2132 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2133 # <a href="http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896">
2134 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2135 # </a>
2136 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2137 #
2138 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2139 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2140 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
2141 # September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
2142 #
2143 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2144 #
2145 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2146
2147 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2148 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2149 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2150 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2151 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2152 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2153 #
2154 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2155 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2156 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2157 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2158 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2159 #
2160 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2161 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2162 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2163 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2164 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2165 #
2166 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2167 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2168 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2169 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2170 #
2171 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2172 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2173 # News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2174 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2175 # the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
2176 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2177 #
2178 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2179 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2180 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2181 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2182 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2183 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2184 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2185 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2186 #
2187 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2188 #
2189 # Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
2190 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2191 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2192 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2193 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2194 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2195 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
2196 #
2197 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2198 # Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
2199 # Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
2200 # Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
2201 # Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
2202 # Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
2203 # Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
2204 # Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
2205 # Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
2206 # Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
2207 # Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
2208 # Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2209 # Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
2210 # Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
2211 # Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
2212 # Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
2213 # Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
2214 # Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
2215 # Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
2216 # Yaroslavskaya oblast'
2217 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2218 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2219 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2220 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2221 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2222 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2223 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2224 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2225 4:00 - MSK
2226 #
2227 # Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
2228 # Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
2229 # but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
2230 # others? But we have no data.
2231 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2232 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2233 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2234 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2235 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2236 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2237 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2238 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2239 4:00 - VOLT
2240 #
2241 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2242 # Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
2243 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2244 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2245 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2246 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2247 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2248 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2249 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2250 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2251 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2252 4:00 - SAMT
2253
2254 #
2255 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2256 # Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
2257 # Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
2258 # Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
2259 # Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
2260 # Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2261 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2262 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2263 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2264 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2265 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2266 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
2267 #
2268 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2269 # Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
2270 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2271 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
2272 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2273 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2274 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2275 7:00 - OMST
2276 #
2277 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2278 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2279 # Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
2280 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2281 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2282 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2283 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2284 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2285 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2286 7:00 - NOVT
2287
2288 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2289 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2290 # March 28, 2010:
2291 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2292 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2293 #
2294 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2295 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2296 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2297 #
2298 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2299 # <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">
2300 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2301 # </a>
2302 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2303 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2304 # <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">
2305 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2306 # </a>
2307 #
2308 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2309 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2310 #
2311 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2312 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2313
2314 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2315 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2316 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2317 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2318 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2319 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2320 7:00 - NOVT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time
2321
2322 #
2323 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2324 # Krasnoyarskij kraj,
2325 # Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
2326 # Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2327 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2328 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2329 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2330 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2331 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2332 8:00 - KRAT
2333 #
2334 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2335 # Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
2336 # Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2337 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2338 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2339 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2340 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2341 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2342 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2343 9:00 - IRKT
2344 #
2345 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2346 # Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
2347 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2348
2349 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2350 # ...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2351 # Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2352 # YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.
2353
2354 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2355 # The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2356 # Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
2357 # Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2358 # Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
2359 # Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2360 # Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
2361
2362 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2363 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2364 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2365 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2366 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2367 10:00 - YAKT
2368 #
2369 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2370 # Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
2371 # [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2372
2373 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2374 # The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
2375 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2376 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2377 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2378 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2379 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2380 11:00 - VLAT
2381
2382 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2383 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2384 # in 2011.
2385 #
2386 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2387 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2388 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2389 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2390 #
2391 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2392 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2393 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2394 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2395 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2396 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2397 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2398 10:00 - YAKT
2399
2400 #
2401 # Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
2402 # The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2403 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2404 9:00 - CJT 1938
2405 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2406 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
2407 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2408 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2409 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2410 11:00 - SAKT
2411 #
2412 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
2413 # Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2414 # Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2415
2416 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2417 # The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
2418 # Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
2419 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2420 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2421 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2422 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2423 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2424 12:00 - MAGT
2425
2426 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2427 # Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
2428 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2429 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2430 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2431 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2432 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2433 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2434 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2435 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2436 11:00 - VLAT
2437
2438 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
2439 # Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
2440 #
2441 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2442 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2443 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2444 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2445 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2446 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2447 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2448 12:00 - PETT
2449 #
2450 # Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
2451 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2452 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2453 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2454 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2455 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2456 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2457 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2458 12:00 - ANAT
2459
2460 # San Marino
2461 # See Europe/Rome.
2462
2463 # Serbia
2464 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2465 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2466 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2467 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2468 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2469 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2470 # Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
2471 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2472 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2473 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2474 1:00 EU CE%sT
2475 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2476 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2477 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2478 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2479 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2480
2481 # Slovakia
2482 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2483
2484 # Slovenia
2485 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2486
2487 # Spain
2488 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2489 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2490 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2491 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2492 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2493 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2494 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2495 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2496 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2497 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2498 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2499 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2500 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2501 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2502 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2503 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2504 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2505 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2506 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2507 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2508 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2509 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2510 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2511 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2512 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2513 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2514 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2515 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2516 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2517 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2518 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2519 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2520 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2521 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2522 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2523 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2524 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2525 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2526 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2527 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2528 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2529 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2530 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2531 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2532 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2533 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2534 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2535 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2536 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2537 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2538 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2539 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2540 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2541 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2542 1:00 EU CE%sT
2543 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2544 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2545 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2546 0:00 - WET 1924
2547 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2548 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2549 1:00 - CET 1986
2550 1:00 EU CE%sT
2551 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2552 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2553 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2554 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2555 0:00 EU WE%sT
2556 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2557 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2558
2559 # Sweden
2560
2561 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2562 #
2563 # The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2564 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2565 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2566 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2567 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2568 #
2569 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2570 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2571 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2572 #
2573 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2574 # forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2575 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2576 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2577 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2578 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2579 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2580 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2581 #
2582 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2583 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2584 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2585 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2586 #
2587 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2588 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2589 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2590 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2591 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2592 # the Sok-button).
2593 #
2594 # (2001-05-13):
2595 #
2596 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2597 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2598 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2599 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2600 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2601 # hour before the event took place.
2602 #
2603 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2604
2605 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2606 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2607 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2608 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2609 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
2610 1:00 - CET 1980
2611 1:00 EU CE%sT
2612
2613 # Switzerland
2614 # From Howse:
2615 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2616 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2617 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2618 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2619 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2620 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2621 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2622 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2623 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2624 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2625
2626 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2627 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2628 #
2629 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2630 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2631 #
2632 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2633 # government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2634 # federal law collection)...
2635 #
2636 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2637 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2638 #
2639 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2640 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2641 #
2642 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2643 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2644 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2645 # other years are made.
2646 #
2647 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
2648 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
2649 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
2650 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
2651 #
2652 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
2653 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
2654 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
2655 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
2656 #
2657 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
2658 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2659 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2660 #
2661 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
2662 #
2663 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
2664 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
2665 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
2666 # the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
2667 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
2668 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
2669 #
2670 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
2671 # The Federal regulations say
2672 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
2673 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26'22.50".
2674 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
2675
2676 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
2677 # the "Circulaire du conseil federal" (December 11 1893)
2678 # <http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353> ...
2679 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
2680 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
2681 # hour before the beginning of service.
2682
2683 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
2684 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
2685 #
2686 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
2687 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
2688 #
2689 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmassig, punktlich, schnell: Zeiteinteilung und
2690 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
2691 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
2692 #
2693 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
2694 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
2695 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
2696 # "Bundesgesetz uber die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
2697 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
2698 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
2699 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
2700 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
2701 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
2702 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
2703 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
2704
2705 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2706 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
2707 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
2708 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2709 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
2710 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2711 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2712 1:00 EU CE%sT
2713
2714 # Turkey
2715
2716 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
2717 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
2718 # ... The latest rules are available at -
2719 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
2720 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
2721 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
2722 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
2723 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
2724 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
2725 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
2726 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
2727 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
2728 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
2729 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
2730 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
2731 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
2732
2733 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
2734 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
2735 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
2736 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
2737 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
2738 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
2739 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
2740 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
2741 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
2742
2743 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
2744 #
2745 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
2746 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
2747 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
2748 #
2749 # <a href="http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872">
2750 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
2751 # </a>
2752 # Turkish:
2753 # <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373">
2754 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
2755 # </a>
2756
2757 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2758 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2759 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2760 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2761 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2762 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2763 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2764 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2765 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2766 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
2767 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2768 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2769 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2770 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2771 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2772 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2773 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2774 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2775 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2776 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
2777 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2778 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2779 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2780 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2781 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2782 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2783 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2784 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2785 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2786 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2787 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2788 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2789 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2790 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2791 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2792 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2793 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2794 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2795 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2796 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2797 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2798 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2799 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2800 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2801 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2802 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2803 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2804 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2805 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2806 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2807 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2808 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2809 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2810 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2811 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2812 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
2813 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2814 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2815 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2816 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2817 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2818 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2819 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2820 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2821 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
2822 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
2823 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
2824 2:00 EU EE%sT
2825 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2826
2827 # Ukraine
2828 #
2829 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
2830 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
2831 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
2832 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
2833 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
2834 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
2835 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
2836
2837 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
2838 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
2839 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
2840 #
2841 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
2842 # approval from 266 deputies.
2843 #
2844 # Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
2845 # <a href="http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/">
2846 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
2847 # </a>
2848 #
2849 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
2850 # <a href="http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html">
2851 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
2852 # </a>
2853 #
2854 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
2855 # <a href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/">
2856 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
2857 # </a>
2858 #
2859 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
2860 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
2861 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
2862 # time this year after all.
2863 #
2864 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
2865 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
2866 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
2867 # to Russia) was reverted today:
2868 #
2869 # <a href="http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995">
2870 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
2871 # </a>
2872 #
2873 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
2874 # The law documents themselves are at
2875 #
2876 # <a href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484">
2877 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
2878 # </a>
2879
2880
2881 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2882 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
2883 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2884 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
2885 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2886 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
2887 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2888 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
2889 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
2890 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2891 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2892 2:00 - EET 1992
2893 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2894 2:00 EU EE%sT
2895 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
2896 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2897 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
2898 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
2899 1:00 - CET 1940
2900 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2901 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
2902 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
2903 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2904 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2905 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
2906 2:00 - EET 1992
2907 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2908 2:00 EU EE%sT
2909 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
2910 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
2911 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
2912 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
2913 # portable Posix file names.
2914 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
2915 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
2916 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2917 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
2918 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
2919 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2920 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
2921 2:00 EU EE%sT
2922 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2923 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2924 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2925 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2926 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2927 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2928 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2929 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2930 2:00 - EET 1992
2931 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2932 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2933 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2934 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2935 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2936 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2937 # changed in May.
2938 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2939 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2940 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2941 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2942 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2943 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2944 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2945 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2946 2:00 EU EE%sT
2947
2948 # Vatican City
2949 # See Europe/Rome.
2950
2951 ###############################################################################
2952
2953 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2954 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2955 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2956 #
2957 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2958 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2959 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2960 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2961 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2962 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2963
2964 # ...
2965 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2966 # From: Tom Hofmann
2967 # ...
2968 #
2969 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2970 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2971 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2972 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2973 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2974 # years...
2975 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2976 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2977 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2978 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2979 #
2980 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2981 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2982 #
2983 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2984 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2985 # ...
2986
2987 # ...
2988 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2989 # From: Dik T. Winter
2990 # ...
2991 #
2992 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2993 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2994 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2995 #
2996 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2997 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2998 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2999 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3000 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3001 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3002 # dates...
3003 #
3004 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3005 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3006 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3007 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3008 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3009 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3010 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3011 # in advance of normal time.
3012 #
3013 # ...
3014 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3015 # ...
3016
3017 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3018 # ...
3019 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3020 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3021 # ...
3022 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3023 # ...