1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8
9 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-13):
10 #
11 # Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
12 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
13 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
14 # Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
15 #
16 # Many years ago Gwillim Law wrote that a good source
17 # for time zone data was the International Air Transport
18 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
19 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
20 # of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
21 # IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
22 #
23 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
25 # I found in the UCLA library.
26 #
27 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
28 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
29 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
30 #
31 # For Russian data circa 1919, a source is:
32 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
33 # (See the 'europe' file for a fuller citation.)
34 #
35 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
36 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
37 #
38 # The following alphabetic abbreviations appear in these tables:
39 # std dst
40 # LMT Local Mean Time
41 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern European Time
42 # 2:00 IST IDT Israel
43 # 5:30 IST India
44 # 7:00 WIB west Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Barat)
45 # 8:00 WITA central Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Tengah)
46 # 8:00 CST China
47 # 8:30 KST KDT Korea when at +0830
48 # 9:00 WIT east Indonesia (Waktu Indonesia Timur)
49 # 9:00 JST JDT Japan
50 # 9:00 KST KDT Korea when at +09
51 # 9:30 ACST Australian Central Standard Time
52 # Otherwise, these tables typically use numeric abbreviations like +03
53 # and +0330 for integer hour and minute UTC offsets. Although earlier
54 # editions invented alphabetic time zone abbreviations for every
55 # offset, this did not reflect common practice.
56 #
57 # See the 'europe' file for Russia and Turkey in Asia.
58
59 # From Guy Harris:
60 # Incorporates data for Singapore from Robert Elz' asia 1.1, as well as
61 # additional information from Tom Yap, Sun Microsystems Intercontinental
62 # Technical Support (including a page from the Official Airline Guide -
63 # Worldwide Edition).
64
65 ###############################################################################
66
67 # These rules are stolen from the 'europe' file.
68 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
69 Rule EUAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
70 Rule EUAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
71 Rule EUAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
72 Rule E-EurAsia 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
73 Rule E-EurAsia 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
74 Rule E-EurAsia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
75 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
76 Rule RussiaAsia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
77 Rule RussiaAsia 1984 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
78 Rule RussiaAsia 1985 2011 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
79 Rule RussiaAsia 1996 2011 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
80
81 # Afghanistan
82 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
83 Zone Asia/Kabul 4:36:48 - LMT 1890
84 4:00 - +04 1945
85 4:30 - +0430
86
87 # Armenia
88 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
89 # Shanks & Pottenger have Yerevan switching to 3:00 (with Russian DST)
90 # in spring 1991, then to 4:00 with no DST in fall 1995, then
91 # readopting Russian DST in 1997. Go with Shanks & Pottenger, even
92 # when they disagree with others. Edgar Der-Danieliantz
93 # reported (1996-05-04) that Yerevan probably wouldn't use DST
94 # in 1996, though it did use DST in 1995. IATA SSIM (1991/1998) reports that
95 # Armenia switched from 3:00 to 4:00 in 1998 and observed DST after 1991,
96 # but started switching at 3:00s in 1998.
97
98 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
99 # While Russia abandoned DST in 2011, Armenia may choose to
100 # follow Russia's "old" rules.
101
102 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2012-02-10):
103 # According to News Armenia, on Feb 9, 2012,
104 # http://newsarmenia.ru/society/20120209/42609695.html
105 #
106 # The Armenia National Assembly adopted final reading of Amendments to the
107 # Law "On procedure of calculation time on the territory of the Republic of
108 # Armenia" according to which Armenia [is] abolishing Daylight Saving Time.
109 # or
110 # (brief)
111 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_armenia03.html
112 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
113 Zone Asia/Yerevan 2:58:00 - LMT 1924 May 2
114 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
115 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
116 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1995 Sep 24 2:00s
117 4:00 - +04 1997
118 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05
119
120 # Azerbaijan
121
122 # From Rustam Aliyev of the Azerbaijan Internet Forum (2005-10-23):
123 # According to the resolution of Cabinet of Ministers, 1997
124 # From Paul Eggert (2015-09-17): It was Resolution No. 21 (1997-03-17).
125 # http://code.az/files/daylight_res.pdf
126
127 # From Steffen Thorsen (2016-03-17):
128 # ... the Azerbaijani Cabinet of Ministers has cancelled switching to
129 # daylight saving time....
130 # http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/94137.html
131 # http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Azerbaijani-Cabinet-of-Ministers-cancels-daylight-saving-time.html
132 # http://en.apa.az/xeber_azerbaijan_abolishes_daylight_savings_ti_240862.html
133
134 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
135 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Mar lastSun 4:00 1:00 S
136 Rule Azer 1997 2015 - Oct lastSun 5:00 0 -
137 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
138 Zone Asia/Baku 3:19:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
139 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
140 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
141 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992 Sep lastSun 2:00s
142 4:00 - +04 1996
143 4:00 EUAsia +04/+05 1997
144 4:00 Azer +04/+05
145
146 # Bahrain
147 # See Asia/Qatar.
148
149 # Bangladesh
150 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-05-13):
151 # According to newspaper Asian Tribune (May 6, 2009) Bangladesh may introduce
152 # Daylight Saving Time from June 16 to Sept 30
153 #
154 # Bangladesh to introduce daylight saving time likely from June 16
155 # http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/17288
156 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh02.html
157 #
158 # "... Bangladesh government has decided to switch daylight saving time from
159 # June
160 # 16 till September 30 in a bid to ensure maximum use of daylight to cope with
161 # crippling power crisis. "
162 #
163 # The switch will remain in effect from June 16 to Sept 30 (2009) but if
164 # implemented the next year, it will come in force from April 1, 2010
165
166 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-06-02):
167 # They have finally decided now, but changed the start date to midnight between
168 # the 19th and 20th, and they have not set the end date yet.
169 #
170 # Some sources:
171 # http://in.reuters.com/article/southAsiaNews/idINIndia-40017620090601
172 # http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=85889&cid=2
173 #
174 # Our wrap-up:
175 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/bangladesh-daylight-saving-2009.html
176
177 # From A. N. M. Kamrus Saadat (2009-06-15):
178 # Finally we've got the official mail regarding DST start time where DST start
179 # time is mentioned as Jun 19 2009, 23:00 from BTRC (Bangladesh
180 # Telecommunication Regulatory Commission).
181 #
182 # No DST end date has been announced yet.
183
184 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-25):
185 # Bangladesh won't go back to Standard Time from October 1, 2009,
186 # instead it will continue DST measure till the cabinet makes a fresh decision.
187 #
188 # Following report by same newspaper-"The Daily Star Friday":
189 # "DST change awaits cabinet decision-Clock won't go back by 1-hr from Oct 1"
190 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=107021
191 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh04.html
192
193 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-13):
194 # IANS (Indo-Asian News Service) now reports:
195 # Bangladesh has decided that the clock advanced by an hour to make
196 # maximum use of daylight hours as an energy saving measure would
197 # "continue for an indefinite period."
198 #
199 # One of many places where it is published:
200 # http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/bangladesh-to-continue-indefinitely-with-advanced-time_100259987.html
201
202 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-12-24):
203 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
204 # Bangladesh will change its clock back to Standard Time on Dec 31, 2009.
205 #
206 # Clock goes back 1-hr on Dec 31 night.
207 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119228
208 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh05.html
209 #
210 # "...The government yesterday decided to put the clock back by one hour
211 # on December 31 midnight and the new time will continue until March 31,
212 # 2010 midnight. The decision came at a cabinet meeting at the Prime
213 # Minister's Office last night..."
214
215 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-22):
216 # According to Bangladesh newspaper "The Daily Star,"
217 # Cabinet cancels Daylight Saving Time
218 # http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=22817
219 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_bangladesh06.html
220
221 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
222 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Jun 19 23:00 1:00 S
223 Rule Dhaka 2009 only - Dec 31 24:00 0 -
224
225 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
226 Zone Asia/Dhaka 6:01:40 - LMT 1890
227 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
228 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
229 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
230 6:30 - +0630 1951 Sep 30
231 6:00 - +06 2009
232 6:00 Dhaka +06/+07
233
234 # Bhutan
235 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
236 Zone Asia/Thimphu 5:58:36 - LMT 1947 Aug 15 # or Thimbu
237 5:30 - +0530 1987 Oct
238 6:00 - +06
239
240 # British Indian Ocean Territory
241 # Whitman and the 1995 CIA time zone map say 5:00, but the
242 # 1997 and later maps say 6:00. Assume the switch occurred in 1996.
243 # We have no information as to when standard time was introduced;
244 # assume it occurred in 1907, the same year as Mauritius (which
245 # then contained the Chagos Archipelago).
246 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
247 Zone Indian/Chagos 4:49:40 - LMT 1907
248 5:00 - +05 1996
249 6:00 - +06
250
251 # Brunei
252 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
253 Zone Asia/Brunei 7:39:40 - LMT 1926 Mar # Bandar Seri Begawan
254 7:30 - +0730 1933
255 8:00 - +08
256
257 # Burma / Myanmar
258
259 # Milne says 6:24:40 was the meridian of the time ball observatory at Rangoon.
260
261 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
262 Zone Asia/Yangon 6:24:40 - LMT 1880 # or Rangoon
263 6:24:40 - RMT 1920 # Rangoon Mean Time?
264 6:30 - +0630 1942 May
265 9:00 - +09 1945 May 3
266 6:30 - +0630
267
268 # Cambodia
269 # See Asia/Bangkok.
270
271
272 # China
273
274 # From Guy Harris:
275 # People's Republic of China. Yes, they really have only one time zone.
276
277 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
278 # No they don't. See TIME mag, 1986-02-17 p.52. Even though
279 # China is across 4 physical time zones, before Feb 1, 1986 only the
280 # Peking (Beijing) time zone was recognized. Since that date, China
281 # has two of 'em - Peking's and Ürümqi (named after the capital of
282 # the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). I don't know about DST for it.
283 #
284 # . . .I just deleted the DST table and this editor makes it too
285 # painful to suck in another copy. So, here is what I have for
286 # DST start/end dates for Peking's time zone (info from AP):
287 #
288 # 1986 May 4 - Sept 14
289 # 1987 mid-April - ??
290
291 # From U. S. Naval Observatory (1989-01-19):
292 # CHINA 8 H AHEAD OF UTC ALL OF CHINA, INCL TAIWAN
293 # CHINA 9 H AHEAD OF UTC APR 17 - SEP 10
294
295 # From Paul Eggert (2008-02-11):
296 # Jim Mann, "A clumsy embrace for another western custom: China on daylight
297 # time - sort of", Los Angeles Times, 1986-05-05 ... [says] that China began
298 # observing daylight saving time in 1986.
299
300 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
301 # Shanks & Pottenger have China switching to a single time zone in 1980, but
302 # this doesn't seem to be correct. They also write that China observed summer
303 # DST from 1986 through 1991, which seems to match the above commentary, so
304 # go with them for DST rules as follows:
305 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
306 Rule Shang 1940 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
307 Rule Shang 1940 1941 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
308 Rule Shang 1941 only - Mar 16 0:00 1:00 D
309 Rule PRC 1986 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 D
310 Rule PRC 1986 1991 - Sep Sun>=11 0:00 0 S
311 Rule PRC 1987 1991 - Apr Sun>=10 0:00 1:00 D
312
313 # From Anthony Fok (2001-12-20):
314 # BTW, I did some research on-line and found some info regarding these five
315 # historic timezones from some Taiwan websites. And yes, there are official
316 # Chinese names for these locales (before 1949).
317 #
318 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-07-14):
319 # I have investigated the timezones around 1970 on the
320 # http://www.astro.com/atlas site [with provinces and county
321 # boundaries summarized below].... A few other exceptions were two
322 # counties on the Sichuan side of the Xizang-Sichuan border,
323 # counties Dege and Baiyu which lies on the Sichuan side and are
324 # therefore supposed to be GMT+7, Xizang region being GMT+6, but Dege
325 # county is GMT+8 according to astro.com while Baiyu county is GMT+6
326 # (could be true), for the moment I am assuming that those two
327 # counties are mistakes in the astro.com data.
328
329 # From Paul Eggert (2017-01-05):
330 # Alois Treindl kindly sent me translations of the following two sources:
331 #
332 # (1)
333 # Guo Qingsheng (National Time-Service Center, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
334 # Beijing Time at the Beginning of the PRC
335 # China Historical Materials of Science and Technology
336 # (Zhongguo ke ji shi liao, 中国科技史料), Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003)
337 # It gives evidence that at the beginning of the PRC, Beijing time was
338 # officially apparent solar time! However, Guo also says that the
339 # evidence is dubious, as the relevant institute of astronomy had not
340 # been taken over by the PRC yet. It's plausible that apparent solar
341 # time was announced but never implemented, and that people continued
342 # to use UT+8. As the Shanghai radio station (and I presume the
343 # observatory) was still under control of French missionaries, it
344 # could well have ignored any such mandate.
345 #
346 # (2)
347 # Guo Qing-sheng (Shaanxi Astronomical Observatory, CAS, Xi'an 710600, China)
348 # A Study on the Standard Time Changes for the Past 100 Years in China
349 # [undated and unknown publication location]
350 # It says several things:
351 # * The Qing dynasty used local apparent solar time throughout China.
352 # * The Republic of China instituted Beijing mean solar time effective
353 # the official calendar book of 1914.
354 # * The French Concession in Shanghai set up signal stations in
355 # French docks in the 1890s, controlled by Xujiahui (Zikawei)
356 # Observatory and set to local mean time.
357 # * "From the end of the 19th century" it changed to UT+8.
358 # * Chinese Customs (by then reduced to a tool of foreign powers)
359 # eventually standardized on this time for all ports, and it
360 # became used by railways as well.
361 # * In 1918 the Central Observatory proposed dividing China into
362 # five time zones (see below for details). This caught on
363 # at first only in coastal areas observing UT+8.
364 # * During WWII all of China was in theory was at UT+7. In practice
365 # this was ignored in the west, and I presume was ignored in
366 # Japanese-occupied territory.
367 # * Japanese-occupied Manchuria was at UT+9, i.e., Japan time.
368 # * The five-zone plan was resurrected after WWII and officially put into
369 # place (with some modifications) in March 1948. It's not clear
370 # how well it was observed in areas under Nationalist control.
371 # * The People's Liberation Army used UT+8 during the civil war.
372 #
373 # An AP article "Shanghai Internat'l Area Little Changed" in the
374 # Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun (1939-05-29), p 17, said "Even the time is
375 # different - the occupied districts going by Tokyo time, an hour
376 # ahead of that prevailing in the rest of Shanghai." Guess that the
377 # Xujiahui Observatory was under French control and stuck with UT +08.
378 #
379 # In earlier versions of this file, China had many separate Zone entries, but
380 # this was based on what were apparently incorrect data in Shanks & Pottenger.
381 # This has now been simplified to the two entries Asia/Shanghai and
382 # Asia/Urumqi, with the others being links for backward compatibility.
383 # Proposed in 1918 and theoretically in effect until 1949 (although in practice
384 # mainly observed in coastal areas), the five zones were:
385 #
386 # Changbai Time ("Long-white Time", Long-white = Heilongjiang area) UT +08:30
387 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
388 # Heilongjiang (except Mohe county), Jilin
389 #
390 # Zhongyuan Time ("Central plain Time") UT +08
391 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai.
392 # most of China
393 # Milne gives 8:05:43.2 for Xujiahui Observatory time; round to nearest.
394 # Guo says Shanghai switched to UT +08 "from the end of the 19th century".
395 #
396 # Long-shu Time (probably as Long and Shu were two names of the area) UT +07
397 # Now part of Asia/Shanghai; its pre-1970 times are not recorded here.
398 # Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Ningxia, Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Yunnan;
399 # most of Gansu; west Inner Mongolia; east Qinghai; and the Guangdong
400 # counties Deqing, Enping, Kaiping, Luoding, Taishan, Xinxing,
401 # Yangchun, Yangjiang, Yu'nan, and Yunfu.
402 #
403 # Xin-zang Time ("Xinjiang-Tibet Time") UT +06
404 # This region is now part of either Asia/Urumqi or Asia/Shanghai with
405 # current boundaries uncertain; times before 1970 for areas that
406 # disagree with Ürümqi or Shanghai are not recorded here.
407 # The Gansu counties Aksay, Anxi, Dunhuang, Subei; west Qinghai;
408 # the Guangdong counties Xuwen, Haikang, Suixi, Lianjiang,
409 # Zhanjiang, Wuchuan, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Maoming, Dianbai, and Xinyi;
410 # east Tibet, including Lhasa, Chamdo, Shigaise, Jimsar, Shawan and Hutubi;
411 # east Xinjiang, including Ürümqi, Turpan, Karamay, Korla, Minfeng, Jinghe,
412 # Wusu, Qiemo, Xinyan, Wulanwusu, Jinghe, Yumin, Tacheng, Tuoli, Emin,
413 # Shihezi, Changji, Yanqi, Heshuo, Tuokexun, Tulufan, Shanshan, Hami,
414 # Fukang, Kuitun, Kumukuli, Miquan, Qitai, and Turfan.
415 #
416 # Kunlun Time UT +05:30
417 # This region is now in the same status as Xin-zang Time (see above).
418 # West Tibet, including Pulan, Aheqi, Shufu, Shule;
419 # West Xinjiang, including Aksu, Atushi, Yining, Hetian, Cele, Luopu, Nileke,
420 # Zhaosu, Tekesi, Gongliu, Chabuchaer, Huocheng, Bole, Pishan, Suiding,
421 # and Yarkand.
422
423 # From Luther Ma (2009-10-17):
424 # Almost all (>99.9%) ethnic Chinese (properly ethnic Han) living in
425 # Xinjiang use Chinese Standard Time. Some are aware of Xinjiang time,
426 # but have no need of it. All planes, trains, and schools function on
427 # what is called "Beijing time." When Han make an appointment in Chinese
428 # they implicitly use Beijing time.
429 #
430 # On the other hand, ethnic Uyghurs, who make up about half the
431 # population of Xinjiang, typically use "Xinjiang time" which is two
432 # hours behind Beijing time, or UT +06. The government of the Xinjiang
433 # Uyghur Autonomous Region, (XAUR, or just Xinjiang for short) as well as
434 # local governments such as the Ürümqi city government use both times in
435 # publications, referring to what is popularly called Xinjiang time as
436 # "Ürümqi time." When Uyghurs make an appointment in the Uyghur language
437 # they almost invariably use Xinjiang time.
438 #
439 # (Their ethnic Han compatriots would typically have no clue of its
440 # widespread use, however, because so extremely few of them are fluent in
441 # Uyghur, comparable to the number of Anglo-Americans fluent in Navajo.)
442 #
443 # (...As with the rest of China there was a brief interval ending in 1990
444 # or 1991 when summer time was in use. The confusion was severe, with
445 # the province not having dual times but four times in use at the same
446 # time. Some areas remained on standard Xinjiang time or Beijing time and
447 # others moving their clocks ahead.)
448
449 # From Luther Ma (2009-11-19):
450 # With the risk of being redundant to previous answers these are the most common
451 # English "transliterations" (w/o using non-English symbols):
452 #
453 # 1. Wulumuqi...
454 # 2. Kashi...
455 # 3. Urumqi...
456 # 4. Kashgar...
457 # ...
458 # 5. It seems that Uyghurs in Ürümqi has been using Xinjiang since at least the
459 # 1960's. I know of one Han, now over 50, who grew up in the surrounding
460 # countryside and used Xinjiang time as a child.
461 #
462 # 6. Likewise for Kashgar and the rest of south Xinjiang I don't know of any
463 # start date for Xinjiang time.
464 #
465 # Without having access to local historical records, nor the ability to legally
466 # publish them, I would go with October 1, 1949, when Xinjiang became the Uyghur
467 # Autonomous Region under the PRC. (Before that Uyghurs, of course, would also
468 # not be using Beijing time, but some local time.)
469
470 # From David Cochrane (2014-03-26):
471 # Just a confirmation that Ürümqi time was implemented in Ürümqi on 1 Feb 1986:
472 # http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,960684,00.html
473
474 # From Luther Ma (2014-04-22):
475 # I have interviewed numerous people of various nationalities and from
476 # different localities in Xinjiang and can confirm the information in Guo's
477 # report regarding Xinjiang, as well as the Time article reference by David
478 # Cochrane. Whether officially recognized or not (and both are officially
479 # recognized), two separate times have been in use in Xinjiang since at least
480 # the Cultural Revolution: Xinjiang Time (XJT), aka Ürümqi Time or local time;
481 # and Beijing Time. There is no confusion in Xinjiang as to which name refers
482 # to which time. Both are widely used in the province, although in some
483 # population groups might be use one to the exclusion of the other. The only
484 # problem is that computers and smart phones list Ürümqi (or Kashgar) as
485 # having the same time as Beijing.
486
487 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
488 # In the early days of the PRC, Tibet was given its own time zone (UT +06)
489 # but this was withdrawn in 1959 and never reinstated; see Tubten Khétsun,
490 # Memories of life in Lhasa under Chinese Rule, Columbia U Press, ISBN
491 # 978-0231142861 (2008), translator's introduction by Matthew Akester, p x.
492 # As this is before our 1970 cutoff, Tibet doesn't need a separate zone.
493 #
494 # Xinjiang Time is well-documented as being officially recognized. E.g., see
495 # "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government"
496 # <http://www.sinkiang.gov.cn/service/ourworking/> (2014-04-22).
497 # Unfortunately, we have no good records of time in Xinjiang before 1986.
498 # During the 20th century parts of Xinjiang were ruled by the Qing dynasty,
499 # the Republic of China, various warlords, the First and Second East Turkestan
500 # Republics, the Soviet Union, the Kuomintang, and the People's Republic of
501 # China, and tracking down all these organizations' timekeeping rules would be
502 # quite a trick. Approximate this lost history by a transition from LMT to
503 # UT +06 at the start of 1928, the year of accession of the warlord Jin Shuren,
504 # which happens to be the date given by Shanks & Pottenger (no doubt as a
505 # guess) as the transition from LMT. Ignore the usage of +08 before
506 # 1986-02-01 under the theory that the transition date to +08 is unknown and
507 # that the sort of users who prefer Asia/Urumqi now typically ignored the
508 # +08 mandate back then.
509
510 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
511 # Beijing time, used throughout China; represented by Shanghai.
512 Zone Asia/Shanghai 8:05:43 - LMT 1901
513 8:00 Shang C%sT 1949
514 8:00 PRC C%sT
515 # Xinjiang time, used by many in western China; represented by Ürümqi / Ürümchi
516 # / Wulumuqi. (Please use Asia/Shanghai if you prefer Beijing time.)
517 Zone Asia/Urumqi 5:50:20 - LMT 1928
518 6:00 - +06
519
520
521 # Hong Kong (Xianggang)
522
523 # Milne gives 7:36:41.7; round this.
524
525 # From Lee Yiu Chung (2009-10-24):
526 # I found there are some mistakes for the...DST rule for Hong
527 # Kong. [According] to the DST record from Hong Kong Observatory (actually,
528 # it is not [an] observatory, but the official meteorological agency of HK,
529 # and also serves as the official timing agency), there are some missing
530 # and incorrect rules. Although the exact switch over time is missing, I
531 # think 3:30 is correct. The official DST record for Hong Kong can be
532 # obtained from
533 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
534
535 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
536 # Here are the dates given at
537 # http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/Summertime.htm
538 # as of 2009-10-28:
539 # Year Period
540 # 1941 1 Apr to 30 Sep
541 # 1942 Whole year
542 # 1943 Whole year
543 # 1944 Whole year
544 # 1945 Whole year
545 # 1946 20 Apr to 1 Dec
546 # 1947 13 Apr to 30 Dec
547 # 1948 2 May to 31 Oct
548 # 1949 3 Apr to 30 Oct
549 # 1950 2 Apr to 29 Oct
550 # 1951 1 Apr to 28 Oct
551 # 1952 6 Apr to 25 Oct
552 # 1953 5 Apr to 1 Nov
553 # 1954 21 Mar to 31 Oct
554 # 1955 20 Mar to 6 Nov
555 # 1956 18 Mar to 4 Nov
556 # 1957 24 Mar to 3 Nov
557 # 1958 23 Mar to 2 Nov
558 # 1959 22 Mar to 1 Nov
559 # 1960 20 Mar to 6 Nov
560 # 1961 19 Mar to 5 Nov
561 # 1962 18 Mar to 4 Nov
562 # 1963 24 Mar to 3 Nov
563 # 1964 22 Mar to 1 Nov
564 # 1965 18 Apr to 17 Oct
565 # 1966 17 Apr to 16 Oct
566 # 1967 16 Apr to 22 Oct
567 # 1968 21 Apr to 20 Oct
568 # 1969 20 Apr to 19 Oct
569 # 1970 19 Apr to 18 Oct
570 # 1971 18 Apr to 17 Oct
571 # 1972 16 Apr to 22 Oct
572 # 1973 22 Apr to 21 Oct
573 # 1973/74 30 Dec 73 to 20 Oct 74
574 # 1975 20 Apr to 19 Oct
575 # 1976 18 Apr to 17 Oct
576 # 1977 Nil
577 # 1978 Nil
578 # 1979 13 May to 21 Oct
579 # 1980 to Now Nil
580 # The page does not give start or end times of day.
581 # The page does not give a start date for 1942.
582 # The page does not givw an end date for 1945.
583 # The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began on 1941-12-25.
584 # The Japanese surrender of Hong Kong was signed 1945-09-15.
585 # For lack of anything better, use start of those days as the transition times.
586
587 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
588 Rule HK 1941 only - Apr 1 3:30 1:00 S
589 Rule HK 1941 only - Sep 30 3:30 0 -
590 Rule HK 1946 only - Apr 20 3:30 1:00 S
591 Rule HK 1946 only - Dec 1 3:30 0 -
592 Rule HK 1947 only - Apr 13 3:30 1:00 S
593 Rule HK 1947 only - Dec 30 3:30 0 -
594 Rule HK 1948 only - May 2 3:30 1:00 S
595 Rule HK 1948 1951 - Oct lastSun 3:30 0 -
596 Rule HK 1952 only - Oct 25 3:30 0 -
597 Rule HK 1949 1953 - Apr Sun>=1 3:30 1:00 S
598 Rule HK 1953 only - Nov 1 3:30 0 -
599 Rule HK 1954 1964 - Mar Sun>=18 3:30 1:00 S
600 Rule HK 1954 only - Oct 31 3:30 0 -
601 Rule HK 1955 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 -
602 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 S
603 Rule HK 1965 1976 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
604 Rule HK 1973 only - Dec 30 3:30 1:00 S
605 Rule HK 1979 only - May Sun>=8 3:30 1:00 S
606 Rule HK 1979 only - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 -
607 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
608 Zone Asia/Hong_Kong 7:36:42 - LMT 1904 Oct 30
609 8:00 HK HK%sT 1941 Dec 25
610 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 15
611 8:00 HK HK%sT
612
613 ###############################################################################
614
615 # Taiwan
616
617 # From smallufo (2010-04-03):
618 # According to Taiwan's CWB [Central Weather Bureau],
619 # http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V6/astronomy/cdata/summert.htm
620 # Taipei has DST in 1979 between July 1st and Sep 30.
621
622 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
623 # On Dec 28, 1895, the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of
624 # Meiji Year 28 "The clause about standard time", mentioned that
625 # Taiwan and Penghu Islands, as well as Yaeyama and Miyako Islands
626 # (both in Okinawa) adopt the Western Standard Time which is based on
627 # 120E. The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896. The original text can be
628 # found on Wikisource:
629 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
630 # ... This could be the first adoption of time zone in Taiwan, because
631 # during the Qing Dynasty, it seems that there was no time zone
632 # declared officially.
633 #
634 # Later, in the beginning of World War II, on Sep 25, 1937, the Showa
635 # Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 "The clause of
636 # revision in the ordinance No. 167 of Meiji year 28 about standard
637 # time", in which abolished the adoption of Western Standard Time in
638 # western islands (listed above), which means the whole Japan
639 # territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan Central Time
640 # (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937. The original text can
641 # be found on Wikisource:
642 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
643 #
644 # That is, the time zone of Taipei switched to UTC+9 on Oct 1, 1937.
645
646 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
647 # I've found more evidence about when the time zone was switched from UTC+9
648 # back to UTC+8 after WW2. I believe it was on Sep 21, 1945. In a document
649 # during Japanese era [1] in which the officer told the staff to change time
650 # zone back to Western Standard Time (UTC+8) on Sep 21. And in another
651 # history page of National Cheng Kung University [2], on Sep 21 there is a
652 # note "from today, switch back to Western Standard Time". From these two
653 # materials, I believe that the time zone change happened on Sep 21. And
654 # today I have found another monthly journal called "The Astronomical Herald"
655 # from The Astronomical Society of Japan [3] in which it mentioned the fact
656 # that:
657 #
658 # 1. Standard Time of the Country (Japan) was adopted on Jan 1, 1888, using
659 # the time at 135E (GMT+9)
660 #
661 # 2. Standard Time of the Country was renamed to Central Standard Time, on Jan
662 # 1, 1898, and on the same day, the new territories Taiwan and Penghu islands,
663 # as well as Yaeyama and Miyako islands, adopted a new time zone called
664 # Western Standard Time, which is in GMT+8.
665 #
666 # 3. Western Standard Time was deprecated on Sep 30, 1937. From then all the
667 # territories of Japan adopted the same time zone, which is Central Standard
668 # Time.
669 #
670 # [1] Academica Historica, Taiwan:
671 # http://163.29.208.22:8080/govsaleShowImage/connect_img.php?s=00101738900090036&e=00101738900090037
672 # [2] Nat'l Cheng Kung University 70th Anniversary Special Site:
673 # http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~ncku70/menu/001/01_01.htm
674 # [3] Yukio Niimi, The Standard Time in Japan (1997), p.475:
675 # http://www.asj.or.jp/geppou/archive_open/1997/pdf/19971001c.pdf
676
677 # Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-03):
678 # I finally have found the real official gazette about changing back to
679 # Western Standard Time on Sep 21 in Taiwan. It's Taiwan Governor-General
680 # Bulletin No. 386 in Showa 20 years (1945), published on Sep 19, 1945. [1] ...
681 # [It] abolishes Bulletin No. 207 in Showa 12 years (1937), which is a local
682 # bulletin in Taiwan for that Ordinance No. 529. It also mentioned that 1am on
683 # Sep 21, 1945 will be 12am on Sep 21. I think this bulletin is much more
684 # official than the one I mentioned in my first mail, because it's from the
685 # top-level government in Taiwan. If you're going to quote any resource, this
686 # would be a good one.
687 # [1] Taiwan Governor-General Gazette, No. 1018, Sep 19, 1945:
688 # http://db2.th.gov.tw/db2/view/viewImg.php?imgcode=0072031018a&num=19&bgn=019&end=019&otherImg=&type=gener
689
690 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2014-07-02):
691 # In 1946, DST in Taiwan was from May 15 and ended on Sep 30. The info from
692 # Central Weather Bureau website was not correct.
693 #
694 # Original Bulletin:
695 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=03502F0AKM1AF
696 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0350300AKM1B0 (cont.)
697 #
698 # In 1947, DST in Taiwan was expanded to Oct 31. There is a backup of that
699 # telegram announcement from Taiwan Province Government:
700 #
701 # http://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/og/image2.asp?f=0360310AKZ431
702 #
703 # Here is a brief translation:
704 #
705 # The Summer Time this year is adopted from midnight Apr 15 until Sep 20
706 # midnight. To save (energy?) consumption, we're expanding Summer Time
707 # adoption till Oct 31 midnight.
708 #
709 # The Central Weather Bureau website didn't mention that, however it can
710 # be found from historical government announcement database.
711
712 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-03):
713 # As per Yu-Cheng Chuang, say that Taiwan was at UT +09 from 1937-10-01
714 # until 1945-09-21 at 01:00, overriding Shanks & Pottenger.
715 # Likewise, use Yu-Cheng Chuang's data for DST in Taiwan.
716
717 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
718 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 D
719 Rule Taiwan 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
720 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
721 Rule Taiwan 1947 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
722 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
723 Rule Taiwan 1948 1951 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
724 Rule Taiwan 1952 only - Mar 1 0:00 1:00 D
725 Rule Taiwan 1952 1954 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
726 Rule Taiwan 1953 1959 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
727 Rule Taiwan 1955 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
728 Rule Taiwan 1960 1961 - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
729 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
730 Rule Taiwan 1974 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
731 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 D
732 Rule Taiwan 1979 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
733
734 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
735 # Taipei or Taibei or T'ai-pei
736 Zone Asia/Taipei 8:06:00 - LMT 1896 Jan 1
737 8:00 - CST 1937 Oct 1
738 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 21 1:00
739 8:00 Taiwan C%sT
740
741 # Macau (Macao, Aomen)
742 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
743 Rule Macau 1961 1962 - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
744 Rule Macau 1961 1964 - Nov Sun>=1 3:30 0 S
745 Rule Macau 1963 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 D
746 Rule Macau 1964 only - Mar Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
747 Rule Macau 1965 only - Mar Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 D
748 Rule Macau 1965 only - Oct 31 0:00 0 S
749 Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Apr Sun>=16 3:30 1:00 D
750 Rule Macau 1966 1971 - Oct Sun>=16 3:30 0 S
751 Rule Macau 1972 1974 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 D
752 Rule Macau 1972 1973 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 S
753 Rule Macau 1974 1977 - Oct Sun>=15 3:30 0 S
754 Rule Macau 1975 1977 - Apr Sun>=15 3:30 1:00 D
755 Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Apr Sun>=15 0:00 1:00 D
756 Rule Macau 1978 1980 - Oct Sun>=15 0:00 0 S
757 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
758 Zone Asia/Macau 7:34:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
759 8:00 Macau C%sT
760
761
762 ###############################################################################
763
764 # Cyprus
765
766 # Milne says the Eastern Telegraph Company used 2:14:00. Stick with LMT.
767 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.
768
769 # From Paul Eggert (2016-09-09):
770 # Yesterday's Cyprus Mail reports that Northern Cyprus followed Turkey's
771 # lead and switched from +02/+03 to +03 year-round.
772 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/09/08/two-time-zones-cyprus-turkey-will-not-turn-clocks-back-next-month/
773 #
774 # From Even Scharning (2016-10-31):
775 # Looks like the time zone split in Cyprus went through last night.
776 # http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/10/30/cyprus-new-division-two-time-zones-now-reality/
777
778 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
779 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Apr 13 0:00 1:00 S
780 Rule Cyprus 1975 only - Oct 12 0:00 0 -
781 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
782 Rule Cyprus 1976 only - Oct 11 0:00 0 -
783 Rule Cyprus 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
784 Rule Cyprus 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
785 Rule Cyprus 1978 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
786 Rule Cyprus 1979 1997 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
787 Rule Cyprus 1981 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
788 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
789 Zone Asia/Nicosia 2:13:28 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
790 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
791 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT
792 Zone Asia/Famagusta 2:15:48 - LMT 1921 Nov 14
793 2:00 Cyprus EE%sT 1998 Sep
794 2:00 EUAsia EE%sT 2016 Sep 8
795 3:00 - +03
796
797 # Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
798 # However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
799 Link Asia/Nicosia Europe/Nicosia
800
801 # Georgia
802 # From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
803 # Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
804 # an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
805 # an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
806 # We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
807 #
808 # From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
809 # Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
810 # will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
811 # President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
812 #
813 # From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
814 #
815 # Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday... The former Soviet
816 # republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow. As a result it
817 # is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
818 # ahead. The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
819 # Mikheil Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
820 # of integration into Europe.
821
822 # From Teimuraz Abashidze (2005-11-07):
823 # Government of Georgia ... decided to NOT CHANGE daylight savings time on
824 # [Oct.] 30, as it was done before during last more than 10 years.
825 # Currently, we are in fact GMT +4:00, as before 30 October it was GMT
826 # +3:00.... The problem is, there is NO FORMAL LAW or governmental document
827 # about it. As far as I can find, I was told, that there is no document,
828 # because we just DIDN'T ISSUE document about switching to winter time....
829 # I don't know what can be done, especially knowing that some years ago our
830 # DST rules where changed THREE TIMES during one month.
831
832 # Milne 1899 says Tbilisi (Tiflis) time was 2:59:05.7.
833 # Byalokoz 1919 says Georgia was 2:59:11.
834 # Go with Byalokoz.
835
836 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
837 Zone Asia/Tbilisi 2:59:11 - LMT 1880
838 2:59:11 - TBMT 1924 May 2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
839 3:00 - +03 1957 Mar
840 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
841 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 1992
842 3:00 E-EurAsia +03/+04 1994 Sep lastSun
843 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 1996 Oct lastSun
844 4:00 1:00 +05 1997 Mar lastSun
845 4:00 E-EurAsia +04/+05 2004 Jun 27
846 3:00 RussiaAsia +03/+04 2005 Mar lastSun 2:00
847 4:00 - +04
848
849 # East Timor
850
851 # See Indonesia for the 1945 transition.
852
853 # From João Carrascalão, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
854 # East Timor may be late for its millennium
855 # <http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm> (1999-12-26/31):
856 # Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
857 # rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
858 # Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
859 # conflicts with their way of life.
860
861 # From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
862 # We don't have any record of the above attempt.
863 # Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.
864
865 # From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
866 # http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/2000/00-08-16.undh.html
867 # (2000-08-16):
868 # The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
869 # today to advance East Timor's time by one hour. The time change,
870 # which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
871 # midnight on Saturday, September 16.
872
873 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
874 Zone Asia/Dili 8:22:20 - LMT 1912 Jan 1
875 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 21 23:00
876 9:00 - +09 1976 May 3
877 8:00 - +08 2000 Sep 17 0:00
878 9:00 - +09
879
880 # India
881
882 # From Ian P. Beacock, in "A brief history of (modern) time", The Atlantic
883 # http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/the-creation-of-modern-time/421419/
884 # (2015-12-22):
885 # In January 1906, several thousand cotton-mill workers rioted on the
886 # outskirts of Bombay.... They were protesting the proposed abolition of
887 # local time in favor of Indian Standard Time.... Journalists called this
888 # dispute the "Battle of the Clocks." It lasted nearly half a century.
889
890 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
891 Zone Asia/Kolkata 5:53:28 - LMT 1880 # Kolkata
892 5:53:20 - HMT 1941 Oct # Howrah Mean Time?
893 6:30 - +0630 1942 May 15
894 5:30 - IST 1942 Sep
895 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
896 5:30 - IST
897 # The following are like Asia/Kolkata:
898 # Andaman Is
899 # Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
900 # Nicobar Is
901
902 # Indonesia
903 #
904 # From Paul Eggert (2014-09-06):
905 # The 1876 Report of the Secretary of the [US] Navy, p 306 says that Batavia
906 # civil time was 7:07:12.5; round to even for Jakarta.
907 #
908 # From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks & Pottenger:
909 # http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime
910 # says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01. Looking at some
911 # time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
912 # and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
913 #
914 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-10):
915 # Here is another correction to Shanks & Pottenger.
916 # JohnTWB writes that Japanese forces did not surrender control in
917 # Indonesia until 1945-09-01 00:00 at the earliest (in Jakarta) and
918 # other formal surrender ceremonies were September 9, 11, and 13, plus
919 # September 12 for the regional surrender to Mountbatten in Singapore.
920 # These would be the earliest possible times for a change.
921 # Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, by Henri Le Corre, (Éditions
922 # Traditionnelles, 1987, Paris) says that Java and Madura switched
923 # from UT +09 to +07:30 on 1945-09-23, and gives 1944-09-01 for Jayapura
924 # (Hollandia). For now, assume all Indonesian locations other than Jayapura
925 # switched on 1945-09-23.
926 #
927 # From Paul Eggert (2013-08-11):
928 # Normally the tz database uses English-language abbreviations, but in
929 # Indonesia it's typical to use Indonesian-language abbreviations even
930 # when writing in English. For example, see the English-language
931 # summary published by the Time and Frequency Laboratory of the
932 # Research Center for Calibration, Instrumentation and Metrology,
933 # Indonesia, <http://time.kim.lipi.go.id/time-eng.php> (2006-09-29).
934 # The time zone abbreviations and UT offsets are:
935 #
936 # WIB - +07 - Waktu Indonesia Barat (Indonesia western time)
937 # WITA - +08 - Waktu Indonesia Tengah (Indonesia central time)
938 # WIT - +09 - Waktu Indonesia Timur (Indonesia eastern time)
939 #
940 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
941 # Java, Sumatra
942 Zone Asia/Jakarta 7:07:12 - LMT 1867 Aug 10
943 # Shanks & Pottenger say the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
944 # but this must be a typo.
945 7:07:12 - BMT 1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Batavia
946 7:20 - +0720 1932 Nov
947 7:30 - +0730 1942 Mar 23
948 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
949 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
950 8:00 - +08 1950 May
951 7:30 - +0730 1964
952 7:00 - WIB
953 # west and central Borneo
954 Zone Asia/Pontianak 7:17:20 - LMT 1908 May
955 7:17:20 - PMT 1932 Nov # Pontianak MT
956 7:30 - +0730 1942 Jan 29
957 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
958 7:30 - +0730 1948 May
959 8:00 - +08 1950 May
960 7:30 - +0730 1964
961 8:00 - WITA 1988 Jan 1
962 7:00 - WIB
963 # Sulawesi, Lesser Sundas, east and south Borneo
964 Zone Asia/Makassar 7:57:36 - LMT 1920
965 7:57:36 - MMT 1932 Nov # Macassar MT
966 8:00 - +08 1942 Feb 9
967 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 23
968 8:00 - WITA
969 # Maluku Islands, West Papua, Papua
970 Zone Asia/Jayapura 9:22:48 - LMT 1932 Nov
971 9:00 - +09 1944 Sep 1
972 9:30 - +0930 1964
973 9:00 - WIT
974
975 # Iran
976
977 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
978 # This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
979 # The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
980 #
981 # Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
982 # No. 16760/T233 H 1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
983 #
984 # The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
985 #
986 # The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
987 # based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
988 # of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
989 # and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
990 # and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
991 # for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
992 #
993 # The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
994 # at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
995 # to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
996 # Shahrivar.
997 #
998 # First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
999 #
1000 # From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
1001 # for at least the last 5 years. Before that, for a few years, the
1002 # date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
1003 # Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
1004 #
1005 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
1006 # The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
1007 # that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
1008 # leap year calculation involved. There has never been any serious
1009 # plan to change that law....
1010 #
1011 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1012 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger before Sept. 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
1013 # I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
1014 # stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
1015 # That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
1016 # calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
1017 #
1018 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
1019 # discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
1020 # For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
1021 # the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
1022 # Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
1023 # known exactly, amongst other factors. 2157 is even closer:
1024 # 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT. But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
1025 # no interpretation problem whatsoever. By the way, another instant
1026 # in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
1027 # arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
1028 # vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT. The Java version of
1029 # Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
1030 # 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
1031 #
1032 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-03-22):
1033 # Several of my users have reported that Iran will not observe DST anymore:
1034 # http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0603193812164948.htm
1035 #
1036 # From Reuters (2007-09-16), with a heads-up from Jesper Nørgaard Welen:
1037 # ... the Guardian Council ... approved a law on Sunday to re-introduce
1038 # daylight saving time ...
1039 # http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKBLA65048420070916
1040 #
1041 # From Roozbeh Pournader (2007-11-05):
1042 # This is quoted from Official Gazette of the Islamic Republic of
1043 # Iran, Volume 63, No. 18242, dated Tuesday 1386/6/24
1044 # [2007-10-16]. I am doing the best translation I can:...
1045 # The official time of the country will be moved forward for one hour
1046 # on the 24 hours of the first day of the month of Farvardin and will
1047 # be changed back to its previous state on the 24 hours of the
1048 # thirtieth day of Shahrivar.
1049 #
1050 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1051 Rule Iran 1978 1980 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1052 Rule Iran 1978 only - Oct 21 0:00 0 S
1053 Rule Iran 1979 only - Sep 19 0:00 0 S
1054 Rule Iran 1980 only - Sep 23 0:00 0 S
1055 Rule Iran 1991 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 D
1056 Rule Iran 1992 1995 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1057 Rule Iran 1991 1995 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1058 Rule Iran 1996 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1059 Rule Iran 1996 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1060 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1061 Rule Iran 1997 1999 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1062 Rule Iran 2000 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1063 Rule Iran 2000 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1064 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1065 Rule Iran 2001 2003 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1066 Rule Iran 2004 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1067 Rule Iran 2004 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1068 Rule Iran 2005 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1069 Rule Iran 2005 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1070 Rule Iran 2008 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1071 Rule Iran 2008 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1072 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1073 Rule Iran 2009 2011 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1074 Rule Iran 2012 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1075 Rule Iran 2012 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1076 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1077 Rule Iran 2013 2015 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1078 Rule Iran 2016 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1079 Rule Iran 2016 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1080 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1081 Rule Iran 2017 2019 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1082 Rule Iran 2020 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1083 Rule Iran 2020 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1084 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1085 Rule Iran 2021 2023 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1086 Rule Iran 2024 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1087 Rule Iran 2024 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1088 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1089 Rule Iran 2025 2027 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1090 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1091 Rule Iran 2028 2029 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1092 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1093 Rule Iran 2030 2031 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1094 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1095 Rule Iran 2032 2033 - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1096 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 D
1097 Rule Iran 2034 2035 - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1098 #
1099 # The following rules are approximations starting in the year 2038.
1100 # These are the best post-2037 approximations available, given the
1101 # restrictions of a single rule using a Gregorian-based data format.
1102 # At some point this table will need to be extended, though quite
1103 # possibly Iran will change the rules first.
1104 Rule Iran 2036 max - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1105 Rule Iran 2036 max - Sep 21 0:00 0 S
1106
1107 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1108 Zone Asia/Tehran 3:25:44 - LMT 1916
1109 3:25:44 - TMT 1946 # Tehran Mean Time
1110 3:30 - +0330 1977 Nov
1111 4:00 Iran +04/+05 1979
1112 3:30 Iran +0330/+0430
1113
1114
1115 # Iraq
1116 #
1117 # From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
1118 # An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
1119 # the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
1120 # "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
1121 # are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
1122 #
1123 # But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
1124 # In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
1125 # Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time. They referred
1126 # to daylight saving as Saddam time. But, as of today, the time zone
1127 # in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
1128 #
1129 # So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.
1130
1131 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-10):
1132 # The cabinet in Iraq abolished DST last week, according to the following
1133 # news sources (in Arabic):
1134 # http://www.aljeeran.net/wesima_articles/news-20080305-98602.html
1135 # http://www.aswataliraq.info/look/article.tpl?id=2047&IdLanguage=17&IdPublication=4&NrArticle=71743&NrIssue=1&NrSection=10
1136 #
1137 # We have published a short article in English about the change:
1138 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/iraq-dumps-daylight-saving.html
1139
1140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1141 Rule Iraq 1982 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1142 Rule Iraq 1982 1984 - Oct 1 0:00 0 S
1143 Rule Iraq 1983 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1144 Rule Iraq 1984 1985 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1145 Rule Iraq 1985 1990 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 S
1146 Rule Iraq 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 D
1147 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the ':01' is a typo.
1148 # Shanks & Pottenger say Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997; ignore this.
1149 #
1150 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Apr 1 3:00s 1:00 D
1151 Rule Iraq 1991 2007 - Oct 1 3:00s 0 S
1152 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1153 Zone Asia/Baghdad 2:57:40 - LMT 1890
1154 2:57:36 - BMT 1918 # Baghdad Mean Time?
1155 3:00 - +03 1982 May
1156 3:00 Iraq +03/+04
1157
1158
1159 ###############################################################################
1160
1161 # Israel
1162
1163 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
1164 #
1165 # I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988. Until then there were three
1166 # different abbreviations in use:
1167 #
1168 # JST Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
1169 # IZT Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
1170 # EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
1171 #
1172 # Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
1173 # I ruled out JST. As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
1174 # EEST was equally unacceptable. Since "zonal" was not compatible with
1175 # any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
1176 # and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
1177 # settings in Israeli computers.
1178 #
1179 # In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
1180 # high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
1181 # family is from India).
1182
1183 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
1184 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1185 Rule Zion 1940 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1186 Rule Zion 1942 1944 - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1187 Rule Zion 1943 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1188 Rule Zion 1944 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1189 Rule Zion 1945 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1190 Rule Zion 1945 only - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1191 Rule Zion 1946 only - Apr 16 2:00 1:00 D
1192 Rule Zion 1946 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 S
1193 Rule Zion 1948 only - May 23 0:00 2:00 DD
1194 Rule Zion 1948 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 D
1195 Rule Zion 1948 1949 - Nov 1 2:00 0 S
1196 Rule Zion 1949 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 D
1197 Rule Zion 1950 only - Apr 16 0:00 1:00 D
1198 Rule Zion 1950 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 S
1199 Rule Zion 1951 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1200 Rule Zion 1951 only - Nov 11 3:00 0 S
1201 Rule Zion 1952 only - Apr 20 2:00 1:00 D
1202 Rule Zion 1952 only - Oct 19 3:00 0 S
1203 Rule Zion 1953 only - Apr 12 2:00 1:00 D
1204 Rule Zion 1953 only - Sep 13 3:00 0 S
1205 Rule Zion 1954 only - Jun 13 0:00 1:00 D
1206 Rule Zion 1954 only - Sep 12 0:00 0 S
1207 Rule Zion 1955 only - Jun 11 2:00 1:00 D
1208 Rule Zion 1955 only - Sep 11 0:00 0 S
1209 Rule Zion 1956 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 D
1210 Rule Zion 1956 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 S
1211 Rule Zion 1957 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 D
1212 Rule Zion 1957 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 S
1213 Rule Zion 1974 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 D
1214 Rule Zion 1974 only - Oct 13 0:00 0 S
1215 Rule Zion 1975 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 D
1216 Rule Zion 1975 only - Aug 31 0:00 0 S
1217 Rule Zion 1985 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 D
1218 Rule Zion 1985 only - Sep 15 0:00 0 S
1219 Rule Zion 1986 only - May 18 0:00 1:00 D
1220 Rule Zion 1986 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 S
1221 Rule Zion 1987 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 D
1222 Rule Zion 1987 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1223
1224 # From Avigdor Finkelstein (2014-03-05):
1225 # I check the Parliament (Knesset) records and there it's stated that the
1226 # [1988] transition should take place on Saturday night, when the Sabbath
1227 # ends and changes to Sunday.
1228 Rule Zion 1988 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 D
1229 Rule Zion 1988 only - Sep 4 0:00 0 S
1230
1231 # From Ephraim Silverberg
1232 # (1997-03-04, 1998-03-16, 1998-12-28, 2000-01-17, 2000-07-25, 2004-12-22,
1233 # and 2005-02-17):
1234
1235 # According to the Office of the Secretary General of the Ministry of
1236 # Interior, there is NO set rule for Daylight-Savings/Standard time changes.
1237 # One thing is entrenched in law, however: that there must be at least 150
1238 # days of daylight savings time annually. From 1993-1998, the change to
1239 # daylight savings time was on a Friday morning from midnight IST to
1240 # 1 a.m IDT; up until 1998, the change back to standard time was on a
1241 # Saturday night from midnight daylight savings time to 11 p.m. standard
1242 # time. 1996 is an exception to this rule where the change back to standard
1243 # time took place on Sunday night instead of Saturday night to avoid
1244 # conflicts with the Jewish New Year. In 1999, the change to
1245 # daylight savings time was still on a Friday morning but from
1246 # 2 a.m. IST to 3 a.m. IDT; furthermore, the change back to standard time
1247 # was also on a Friday morning from 2 a.m. IDT to 1 a.m. IST for
1248 # 1999 only. In the year 2000, the change to daylight savings time was
1249 # similar to 1999, but although the change back will be on a Friday, it
1250 # will take place from 1 a.m. IDT to midnight IST. Starting in 2001, all
1251 # changes to/from will take place at 1 a.m. old time, but now there is no
1252 # rule as to what day of the week it will take place in as the start date
1253 # (except in 2003) is the night after the Passover Seder (i.e. the eve
1254 # of the 16th of Nisan in the lunar Hebrew calendar) and the end date
1255 # (except in 2002) is three nights before Yom Kippur [Day of Atonement]
1256 # (the eve of the 7th of Tishrei in the lunar Hebrew calendar).
1257
1258 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1259 Rule Zion 1989 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 D
1260 Rule Zion 1989 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1261 Rule Zion 1990 only - Mar 25 0:00 1:00 D
1262 Rule Zion 1990 only - Aug 26 0:00 0 S
1263 Rule Zion 1991 only - Mar 24 0:00 1:00 D
1264 Rule Zion 1991 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 S
1265 Rule Zion 1992 only - Mar 29 0:00 1:00 D
1266 Rule Zion 1992 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1267 Rule Zion 1993 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 D
1268 Rule Zion 1993 only - Sep 5 0:00 0 S
1269
1270 # The dates for 1994-1995 were obtained from Office of the Spokeswoman for the
1271 # Ministry of Interior, Jerusalem, Israel. The spokeswoman can be reached by
1272 # calling the office directly at 972-2-6701447 or 972-2-6701448.
1273
1274 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1275 Rule Zion 1994 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1276 Rule Zion 1994 only - Aug 28 0:00 0 S
1277 Rule Zion 1995 only - Mar 31 0:00 1:00 D
1278 Rule Zion 1995 only - Sep 3 0:00 0 S
1279
1280 # The dates for 1996 were determined by the Minister of Interior of the
1281 # time, Haim Ramon. The official announcement regarding 1996-1998
1282 # (with the dates for 1997-1998 no longer being relevant) can be viewed at:
1283 #
1284 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/1996-1998.ramon.ps.gz
1285 #
1286 # The dates for 1997-1998 were altered by his successor, Rabbi Eli Suissa.
1287 #
1288 # The official announcements for the years 1997-1999 can be viewed at:
1289 #
1290 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/YYYY.ps.gz
1291 #
1292 # where YYYY is the relevant year.
1293
1294 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1295 Rule Zion 1996 only - Mar 15 0:00 1:00 D
1296 Rule Zion 1996 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 S
1297 Rule Zion 1997 only - Mar 21 0:00 1:00 D
1298 Rule Zion 1997 only - Sep 14 0:00 0 S
1299 Rule Zion 1998 only - Mar 20 0:00 1:00 D
1300 Rule Zion 1998 only - Sep 6 0:00 0 S
1301 Rule Zion 1999 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 D
1302 Rule Zion 1999 only - Sep 3 2:00 0 S
1303
1304 # The Knesset Interior Committee has changed the dates for 2000 for
1305 # the third time in just over a year and have set new dates for the
1306 # years 2001-2004 as well.
1307 #
1308 # The official announcement for the start date of 2000 can be viewed at:
1309 #
1310 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-start.ps.gz
1311 #
1312 # The official announcement for the end date of 2000 and the dates
1313 # for the years 2001-2004 can be viewed at:
1314 #
1315 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2000-2004.ps.gz
1316
1317 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1318 Rule Zion 2000 only - Apr 14 2:00 1:00 D
1319 Rule Zion 2000 only - Oct 6 1:00 0 S
1320 Rule Zion 2001 only - Apr 9 1:00 1:00 D
1321 Rule Zion 2001 only - Sep 24 1:00 0 S
1322 Rule Zion 2002 only - Mar 29 1:00 1:00 D
1323 Rule Zion 2002 only - Oct 7 1:00 0 S
1324 Rule Zion 2003 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 D
1325 Rule Zion 2003 only - Oct 3 1:00 0 S
1326 Rule Zion 2004 only - Apr 7 1:00 1:00 D
1327 Rule Zion 2004 only - Sep 22 1:00 0 S
1328
1329 # The proposed law agreed upon by the Knesset Interior Committee on
1330 # 2005-02-14 is that, for 2005 and beyond, DST starts at 02:00 the
1331 # last Friday before April 2nd (i.e. the last Friday in March or April
1332 # 1st itself if it falls on a Friday) and ends at 02:00 on the Saturday
1333 # night _before_ the fast of Yom Kippur.
1334 #
1335 # Those who can read Hebrew can view the announcement at:
1336 #
1337 # ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/announcements/2005+beyond.ps
1338
1339 # From Paul Eggert (2012-10-26):
1340 # I used Ephraim Silverberg's dst-israel.el program
1341 # <ftp://ftp.cs.huji.ac.il/pub/tz/software/dst-israel.el> (2005-02-20)
1342 # along with Ed Reingold's cal-hebrew in GNU Emacs 21.4,
1343 # to generate the transitions from 2005 through 2012.
1344 # (I replaced "lastFri" with "Fri>=26" by hand.)
1345 # The spring transitions all correspond to the following Rule:
1346 #
1347 # Rule Zion 2005 2012 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1348 #
1349 # but older zic implementations (e.g., Solaris 8) do not support
1350 # "Fri>=26" to mean April 1 in years like 2005, so for now we list the
1351 # springtime transitions explicitly.
1352
1353 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1354 Rule Zion 2005 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1355 Rule Zion 2005 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 S
1356 Rule Zion 2006 2010 - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1357 Rule Zion 2006 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 S
1358 Rule Zion 2007 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 S
1359 Rule Zion 2008 only - Oct 5 2:00 0 S
1360 Rule Zion 2009 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 S
1361 Rule Zion 2010 only - Sep 12 2:00 0 S
1362 Rule Zion 2011 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 D
1363 Rule Zion 2011 only - Oct 2 2:00 0 S
1364 Rule Zion 2012 only - Mar Fri>=26 2:00 1:00 D
1365 Rule Zion 2012 only - Sep 23 2:00 0 S
1366
1367 # From Ephraim Silverberg (2013-06-27):
1368 # On June 23, 2013, the Israeli government approved changes to the
1369 # Time Decree Law. The next day, the changes passed the First Reading
1370 # in the Knesset. The law is expected to pass the Second and Third
1371 # (final) Readings by the beginning of September 2013.
1372 #
1373 # As of 2013, DST starts at 02:00 on the Friday before the last Sunday
1374 # in March. DST ends at 02:00 on the last Sunday of October.
1375
1376 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1377 Rule Zion 2013 max - Mar Fri>=23 2:00 1:00 D
1378 Rule Zion 2013 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1379
1380 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1381 Zone Asia/Jerusalem 2:20:54 - LMT 1880
1382 2:20:40 - JMT 1918 # Jerusalem Mean Time?
1383 2:00 Zion I%sT
1384
1385
1386
1387 ###############################################################################
1388
1389 # Japan
1390
1391 # '9:00' and 'JST' is from Guy Harris.
1392
1393 # From Paul Eggert (1995-03-06):
1394 # Today's _Asahi Evening News_ (page 4) reports that Japan had
1395 # daylight saving between 1948 and 1951, but "the system was discontinued
1396 # because the public believed it would lead to longer working hours."
1397
1398 # From Mayumi Negishi in the 2005-08-10 Japan Times:
1399 # http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20050810f2.htm
1400 # Occupation authorities imposed daylight-saving time on Japan on
1401 # [1948-05-01].... But lack of prior debate and the execution of
1402 # daylight-saving time just three days after the bill was passed generated
1403 # deep hatred of the concept.... The Diet unceremoniously passed a bill to
1404 # dump the unpopular system in October 1951, less than a month after the San
1405 # Francisco Peace Treaty was signed. (A government poll in 1951 showed 53%
1406 # of the Japanese wanted to scrap daylight-saving time, as opposed to 30% who
1407 # wanted to keep it.)
1408
1409 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1410 # Shanks & Pottenger write that DST in Japan during those years was as follows:
1411 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1412 Rule Japan 1948 only - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1413 Rule Japan 1948 1951 - Sep Sat>=8 2:00 0 S
1414 Rule Japan 1949 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1415 Rule Japan 1950 1951 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1416 # but the only locations using it (for birth certificates, presumably, since
1417 # their audience is astrologers) were US military bases. For now, assume
1418 # that for most purposes daylight-saving time was observed; otherwise, what
1419 # would have been the point of the 1951 poll?
1420
1421 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-09):
1422 # 'Tokyo' usually stands for the former location of Tokyo Astronomical
1423 # Observatory: 139 degrees 44' 40.90" E (9h 18m 58.727s),
1424 # 35 degrees 39' 16.0" N.
1425 # This data is from 'Rika Nenpyou (Chronological Scientific Tables) 1996'
1426 # edited by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan....
1427 # JST (Japan Standard Time) has been used since 1888-01-01 00:00 (JST).
1428 # The law is enacted on 1886-07-07.
1429
1430 # From Hideyuki Suzuki (1998-11-16):
1431 # The ordinance No. 51 (1886) established "standard time" in Japan,
1432 # which stands for the time on 135 degrees E.
1433 # In the ordinance No. 167 (1895), "standard time" was renamed to "central
1434 # standard time". And the same ordinance also established "western standard
1435 # time", which stands for the time on 120 degrees E.... But "western standard
1436 # time" was abolished in the ordinance No. 529 (1937). In the ordinance No.
1437 # 167, there is no mention regarding for what place western standard time is
1438 # standard....
1439 #
1440 # I wrote "ordinance" above, but I don't know how to translate.
1441 # In Japanese it's "chokurei", which means ordinance from emperor.
1442
1443 # From Yu-Cheng Chuang (2013-07-12):
1444 # ...the Meiji Emperor announced Ordinance No. 167 of Meiji Year 28 "The clause
1445 # about standard time" ... The adoption began from Jan 1, 1896.
1446 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/標準時ニ關スル件_(公布時)
1447 #
1448 # ...the Showa Emperor announced Ordinance No. 529 of Showa Year 12 ... which
1449 # means the whole Japan territory, including later occupations, adopt Japan
1450 # Central Time (UTC+9). The adoption began on Oct 1, 1937.
1451 # http://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/明治二十八年勅令第百六十七號標準時ニ關スル件中改正ノ件
1452
1453 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1454 Zone Asia/Tokyo 9:18:59 - LMT 1887 Dec 31 15:00u
1455 9:00 Japan J%sT
1456 # Since 1938, all Japanese possessions have been like Asia/Tokyo.
1457
1458 # Jordan
1459 #
1460 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990701/JO9.html>
1461 # Jordan Week (1999-07-01) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1462 # Clocks in Jordan were forwarded one hour on Wednesday at midnight,
1463 # in accordance with the government's decision to implement summer time
1464 # all year round.
1465 #
1466 # From <http://star.arabia.com/990930/JO9.html>
1467 # Jordan Week (1999-09-30) via Steffen Thorsen (1999-11-09):
1468 # Winter time starts today Thursday, 30 September. Clocks will be turned back
1469 # by one hour. This is the latest government decision and it's final!
1470 # The decision was taken because of the increase in working hours in
1471 # government's departments from six to seven hours.
1472 #
1473 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
1474 # Starting 2003 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
1475 #
1476 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
1477 # For Jordan I have received multiple independent user reports every year
1478 # about DST end dates, as the end-rule is different every year.
1479 #
1480 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-10-01), after a heads-up from Hilal Malawi:
1481 # http://www.petranews.gov.jo/nepras/2006/Sep/05/4000.htm
1482 # "Jordan will switch to winter time on Friday, October 27".
1483 #
1484
1485 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-02):
1486 # This single one might be good enough, (2009-03-24, Arabic):
1487 # http://petra.gov.jo/Artical.aspx?Lng=2&Section=8&Artical=95279
1488 #
1489 # Google's translation:
1490 #
1491 # > The Council of Ministers decided in 2002 to adopt the principle of timely
1492 # > submission of the summer at 60 minutes as of midnight on the last Thursday
1493 # > of the month of March of each year.
1494 #
1495 # So - this means the midnight between Thursday and Friday since 2002.
1496
1497 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-04-06):
1498 # We still have Jordan switching to DST on Thursdays in 2000 and 2001.
1499
1500 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-10-25):
1501 # Yesterday the government in Jordan announced that they will not
1502 # switch back to standard time this winter, so the will stay on DST
1503 # until about the same time next year (at least).
1504 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?NewsID=88950
1505
1506 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-12-11):
1507 # Jordan Times and other sources say that Jordan is going back to
1508 # UTC+2 on 2013-12-19 at midnight:
1509 # http://jordantimes.com/govt-decides-to-switch-back-to-wintertime
1510 # Official, in Arabic:
1511 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/public_news/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Menu_ID=&Site_Id=2&lang=1&NewsID=133230&CatID=14
1512 # ... Our background/permalink about it
1513 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/jordan-reverses-dst-decision.html
1514 # ...
1515 # http://www.petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?lang=2&site_id=1&NewsID=133313&Type=P
1516 # ... says midnight for the coming one and 1:00 for the ones in the future
1517 # (and they will use DST again next year, using the normal schedule).
1518
1519 # From Paul Eggert (2013-12-11):
1520 # As Steffen suggested, consider the past 21-month experiment to be DST.
1521
1522 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1523 Rule Jordan 1973 only - Jun 6 0:00 1:00 S
1524 Rule Jordan 1973 1975 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1525 Rule Jordan 1974 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1526 Rule Jordan 1976 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1527 Rule Jordan 1977 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1528 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1529 Rule Jordan 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1530 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1531 Rule Jordan 1985 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1532 Rule Jordan 1986 1988 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1533 Rule Jordan 1986 1990 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1534 Rule Jordan 1989 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1535 Rule Jordan 1990 only - Apr 27 0:00 1:00 S
1536 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Apr 17 0:00 1:00 S
1537 Rule Jordan 1991 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1538 Rule Jordan 1992 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
1539 Rule Jordan 1992 1993 - Oct Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
1540 Rule Jordan 1993 1998 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1541 Rule Jordan 1994 only - Sep Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
1542 Rule Jordan 1995 1998 - Sep Fri>=15 0:00s 0 -
1543 Rule Jordan 1999 only - Jul 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1544 Rule Jordan 1999 2002 - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1545 Rule Jordan 2000 2001 - Mar lastThu 0:00s 1:00 S
1546 Rule Jordan 2002 2012 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1547 Rule Jordan 2003 only - Oct 24 0:00s 0 -
1548 Rule Jordan 2004 only - Oct 15 0:00s 0 -
1549 Rule Jordan 2005 only - Sep lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1550 Rule Jordan 2006 2011 - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1551 Rule Jordan 2013 only - Dec 20 0:00 0 -
1552 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
1553 Rule Jordan 2014 max - Oct lastFri 0:00s 0 -
1554 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1555 Zone Asia/Amman 2:23:44 - LMT 1931
1556 2:00 Jordan EE%sT
1557
1558
1559 # Kazakhstan
1560
1561 # From Kazakhstan Embassy's News Bulletin No. 11
1562 # <http://www.kazsociety.org.uk/news/2005/03/30.htm> (2005-03-21):
1563 # The Government of Kazakhstan passed a resolution March 15 abolishing
1564 # daylight saving time citing lack of economic benefits and health
1565 # complications coupled with a decrease in productivity.
1566 #
1567 # From Branislav Kojic (in Astana) via Gwillim Law (2005-06-28):
1568 # ... what happened was that the former Kazakhstan Eastern time zone
1569 # was "blended" with the Central zone. Therefore, Kazakhstan now has
1570 # two time zones, and difference between them is one hour. The zone
1571 # closer to UTC is the former Western zone (probably still called the
1572 # same), encompassing four provinces in the west: Aqtöbe, Atyraū,
1573 # Mangghystaū, and West Kazakhstan. The other zone encompasses
1574 # everything else.... I guess that would make Kazakhstan time zones
1575 # de jure UTC+5 and UTC+6 respectively.
1576
1577 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-03-27):
1578 # Review of the linked documents from http://adilet.zan.kz/
1579 # produced the following data for post-1991 Kazakhstan:
1580 #
1581 # 0. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR
1582 # from 1991-02-04 No. 20
1583 # http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102010545
1584 # removed the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of the USSR
1585 # starting with the last Sunday of March 1991.
1586 # It also allowed (but not mandated) Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR,
1587 # Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR to not have "summer" time.
1588 #
1589 # The 1992-01-13 act also refers to the act of the Cabinet of Ministers
1590 # of the Kazakh SSR from 1991-03-20 No. 170 "About the act of the Cabinet
1591 # of Ministers of the USSR from 1991-02-04 No. 20" but I didn't found its
1592 # text.
1593 #
1594 # According to Izvestia newspaper No. 68 (23334) from 1991-03-20
1595 # (page 6; available at http://libinfo.org/newsr/newsr2574.djvu via
1596 # http://libinfo.org/index.php?id=58564) on 1991-03-31 at 2:00 during
1597 # transition to "summer" time:
1598 # Republic of Georgia, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, SSR Moldova,
1599 # Estonian SSR; Komi ASSR; Kaliningrad oblast; Nenets autonomous okrug
1600 # were to move clocks 1 hour forward.
1601 # Kazakh SSR (excluding Uralsk oblast); Republic of Kyrgyzstan, Tajik
1602 # SSR; Andijan, Jizzakh, Namangan, Sirdarya, Tashkent, Fergana oblasts
1603 # of the Uzbek SSR were to move clocks 1 hour backwards.
1604 # Other territories were to not move clocks.
1605 # When the "summer" time would end on 1991-09-29, clocks were to be
1606 # moved 1 hour backwards on the territory of the USSR excluding
1607 # Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenia, Tajikistan.
1608 #
1609 # Apparently there were last minute changes. Apparently Kazakh act No. 170
1610 # was one of such changes.
1611 #
1612 # https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Декретное время
1613 # claims that Sovetskaya Rossiya newspaper on 1991-03-29 published that
1614 # Nenets autonomous okrug, Komi and Kazakhstan (excluding Uralsk oblast)
1615 # were to not move clocks and Uralsk oblast was to move clocks
1616 # forward; on 1991-09-29 Kazakhstan was to move clocks backwards.
1617 # (Probably there were changes even after that publication. There is an
1618 # article claiming that Kaliningrad oblast decided on 1991-03-29 to not
1619 # move clocks.)
1620 #
1621 # This implies that on 1991-03-31 Asia/Oral remained on +04/+05 while
1622 # the rest of Kazakhstan switched from +06/+07 to +05/06 or from +05/06
1623 # to +04/+05. It's unclear how Qyzylorda oblast moved into the fifth
1624 # time belt. (By switching from +04/+05 to +05/+06 on 1991-09-29?) ...
1625 #
1626 # 1. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1627 # from 1992-01-13 No. 28
1628 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000028_
1629 # (text includes modification from the 1996 act)
1630 # introduced new rules for calculation of time, mirroring Russian
1631 # 1992-01-08 act. It specified that time would be calculated
1632 # according to time belts plus extra hour ("decree time"), moved clocks
1633 # on the whole territory of Kazakhstan 1 hour forward on 1992-01-19 at
1634 # 2:00, specified DST rules. It acknowledged that Kazakhstan was
1635 # located in the fourth and the fifth time belts and specified the
1636 # border between them to be located east of Qostanay and Aktyubinsk
1637 # oblasts (notably including Turgai and Qyzylorda oblasts into the fifth
1638 # time belt).
1639 #
1640 # This means switch on 1992-01-19 at 2:00 from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for
1641 # Asia/Aqtau, Asia/Aqtobe, Asia/Oral, Atyraū and Qostanay oblasts; from
1642 # +05/+06 to +06/+07 for Asia/Almaty and Asia/Qyzylorda (and Arkalyk)....
1643 #
1644 # 2. Act of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1645 # from 1992-03-27 No. 284
1646 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P920000284_
1647 # cancels extra hour ("decree time") for Uralsk and Qyzylorda oblasts
1648 # since the last Sunday of March 1992, while keeping them in the fourth
1649 # and the fifth time belts respectively.
1650 #
1651 # 3. Order of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1652 # from 1994-09-23 No. 384
1653 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/R940000384_
1654 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") on the territory of Mangghystaū
1655 # oblast since the last Sunday of September 1994 (saying that time on
1656 # the territory would correspond to the third time belt as a
1657 # result)....
1658 #
1659 # 4. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1660 # from 1996-05-08 No. 575
1661 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P960000575_
1662 # amends the 1992-01-13 act to end summer time in October instead
1663 # of September, mirroring identical Russian change from 1996-04-23 act.
1664 #
1665 # 5. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1666 # from 1999-03-26 No. 305
1667 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P990000305_
1668 # cancels the extra hour ("decree time") for Atyraū oblast since the
1669 # last Sunday of March 1999 while retaining the oblast in the fourth
1670 # time belt.
1671 #
1672 # This means change from +05/+06 to +04/+05....
1673 #
1674 # 6. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1675 # from 2000-11-23 No. 1749
1676 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P000001749_/23.11.2000
1677 # replaces the previous five documents.
1678 #
1679 # The only changes I noticed are in definition of the border between the
1680 # fourth and the fifth time belts. They account for changes in spelling
1681 # and administrative division (splitting of Turgai oblast in 1997
1682 # probably changed time in territories incorporated into Qostanay oblast
1683 # (including Arkalyk) from +06/+07 to +05/+06) and move Qyzylorda oblast
1684 # from being in the fifth time belt and not using decree time into the
1685 # fourth time belt (no change in practice).
1686 #
1687 # 7. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1688 # from 2003-12-29 No. 1342
1689 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P030001342_
1690 # modified the 2000-11-23 act. No relevant changes, apparently.
1691 #
1692 # 8. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1693 # from 2004-07-20 No. 775
1694 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/archive/docs/P040000775_/20.07.2004
1695 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to move Qostanay and Qyzylorda oblasts into
1696 # the fifth time belt and add Aktobe oblast to the list of regions not
1697 # using extra hour ("decree time"), leaving Kazakhstan with only 2 time
1698 # zones (+04/+05 and +06/+07). The changes were to be implemented
1699 # during DST transitions in 2004 and 2005 but the acts got radically
1700 # amended before implementation happened.
1701 #
1702 # 9. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1703 # from 2004-09-15 No. 1059
1704 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P040001059_
1705 # modified the 2000-11-23 act to remove exceptions from the "decree time"
1706 # (leaving Kazakhstan in +05/+06 and +06/+07 zones), amended the
1707 # 2004-07-20 act to implement changes for Atyraū, West Kazakhstan,
1708 # Qostanay, Qyzylorda and Mangghystaū oblasts by not moving clocks
1709 # during the 2004 transition to "winter" time.
1710 #
1711 # This means transition from +04/+05 to +05/+06 for Atyraū oblast (no
1712 # zone currently), Asia/Oral, Asia/Aqtau and transition from +05/+06 to
1713 # +06/+07 for Qostanay oblast (Qostanay and Arkalyk, no zones currently)
1714 # and Asia/Qyzylorda on 2004-10-31 at 3:00....
1715 #
1716 # 10. Act of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan
1717 # from 2005-03-15 No. 231
1718 # http://adilet.zan.kz/rus/docs/P050000231_
1719 # removes DST provisions from the 2000-11-23 act, removes most of the
1720 # (already implemented) provisions from the 2004-07-20 and 2004-09-15
1721 # acts, comes into effect 10 days after official publication.
1722 # The only practical effect seems to be the abolition of the summer
1723 # time.
1724 #
1725 # Unamended version of the act of the Government of the Russian Federation
1726 # No. 23 from 1992-01-08 [See 'europe' file for details].
1727 # Kazakh 1992-01-13 act appears to provide the same rules and 1992-03-27
1728 # act was to be enacted on the last Sunday of March 1992.
1729
1730 # From Stepan Golosunov (2016-11-08):
1731 # Turgai reorganization should affect only southern part of Qostanay
1732 # oblast. Which should probably be separated into Asia/Arkalyk zone.
1733 # (There were also 1970, 1988 and 1990 Turgai oblast reorganizations
1734 # according to wikipedia.)
1735 #
1736 # [For Qostanay] http://www.ng.kz/gazeta/195/hranit/
1737 # suggests that clocks were to be moved 40 minutes backwards on
1738 # 1920-01-01 to the fourth time belt. But I do not understand
1739 # how that could happen....
1740 #
1741 # [For Atyrau and Oral] 1919 decree
1742 # (http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-1919-02-08.html
1743 # and in Byalokoz) lists Ural river (plus 10 versts on its left bank) in
1744 # the third time belt (before 1930 this means +03).
1745
1746 # From Paul Eggert (2016-12-06):
1747 # The tables below reflect Golosunov's remarks, with exceptions as noted.
1748
1749 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1750 #
1751 # Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata), representing most locations in Kazakhstan
1752 # This includes KZ-AKM, KZ-ALA, KZ-ALM, KZ-AST, KZ-BAY, KZ-VOS, KZ-ZHA,
1753 # KZ-KAR, KZ-SEV, KZ-PAV, and KZ-YUZ.
1754 Zone Asia/Almaty 5:07:48 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Alma-Ata
1755 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
1756 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1757 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1758 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1759 6:00 - +06
1760 # Qyzylorda (aka Kyzylorda, Kizilorda, Kzyl-Orda, etc.) (KZ-KZY)
1761 # This currently includes Qostanay (aka Kostanay, Kustanay) (KZ-KUS);
1762 # see comments below.
1763 Zone Asia/Qyzylorda 4:21:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
1764 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
1765 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
1766 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
1767 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1768 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1769 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1770 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1771 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1772 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1773 6:00 - +06
1774 # The following zone is like Asia/Qyzylorda except for being one
1775 # hour earlier from 1991-09-29 to 1992-03-29. The 1991/2 rules for
1776 # Qostanay are unclear partly because of the 1997 Turgai
1777 # reorganization, so this zone is commented out for now.
1778 #Zone Asia/Qostanay 4:14:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1779 # 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
1780 # 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
1781 # 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
1782 # 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1783 # 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1784 # 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1785 # 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1786 # 6:00 - +06
1787 #
1788 # Aqtöbe (aka Aktobe, formerly Aktyubinsk) (KZ-AKT)
1789 Zone Asia/Aqtobe 3:48:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
1790 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
1791 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
1792 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
1793 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1794 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1795 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1796 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1797 5:00 - +05
1798 # Mangghystaū (KZ-MAN)
1799 # Aqtau was not founded until 1963, but it represents an inhabited region,
1800 # so include time stamps before 1963.
1801 Zone Asia/Aqtau 3:21:04 - LMT 1924 May 2
1802 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
1803 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
1804 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1805 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1806 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1807 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
1808 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1809 5:00 - +05
1810 # Atyraū (KZ-ATY) is like Mangghystaū except it switched from
1811 # +04/+05 to +05/+06 in spring 1999, not fall 1994.
1812 Zone Asia/Atyrau 3:27:44 - LMT 1924 May 2
1813 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
1814 5:00 - +05 1981 Oct 1
1815 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1816 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1817 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1818 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1999 Mar 28 2:00s
1819 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1820 5:00 - +05
1821 # West Kazakhstan (KZ-ZAP)
1822 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
1823 # The 1989 transition is from USSR act No. 227 (1989-03-14).
1824 Zone Asia/Oral 3:25:24 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ural'sk
1825 3:00 - +03 1930 Jun 21
1826 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
1827 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
1828 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
1829 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1830 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1831 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1832 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 2004 Oct 31 2:00s
1833 5:00 - +05
1834
1835 # Kyrgyzstan (Kirgizstan)
1836 # Transitions through 1991 are from Shanks & Pottenger.
1837
1838 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-15):
1839 # According to an article dated today in the Kyrgyzstan Development Gateway
1840 # http://eng.gateway.kg/cgi-bin/page.pl?id=1&story_name=doc9979.shtml
1841 # Kyrgyzstan is canceling the daylight saving time system. I take the article
1842 # to mean that they will leave their clocks at 6 hours ahead of UTC.
1843 # From Malik Abdugaliev (2005-09-21):
1844 # Our government cancels daylight saving time 6th of August 2005.
1845 # From 2005-08-12 our GMT-offset is +6, w/o any daylight saving.
1846
1847 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1848 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Apr Sun>=7 0:00s 1:00 S
1849 Rule Kyrgyz 1992 1996 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1850 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:30 1:00 S
1851 Rule Kyrgyz 1997 2004 - Oct lastSun 2:30 0 -
1852 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1853 Zone Asia/Bishkek 4:58:24 - LMT 1924 May 2
1854 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
1855 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1856 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Aug 31 2:00
1857 5:00 Kyrgyz +05/+06 2005 Aug 12
1858 6:00 - +06
1859
1860 ###############################################################################
1861
1862 # Korea (North and South)
1863
1864 # From Annie I. Bang (2006-07-10):
1865 # http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=200607100012
1866 # Korea ran a daylight saving program from 1949-61 but stopped it
1867 # during the 1950-53 Korean War. The system was temporarily enforced
1868 # between 1987 and 1988 ...
1869
1870 # From Sanghyuk Jung (2014-10-29):
1871 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021830.html
1872 # According to the Korean Wikipedia
1873 # http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/한국_표준시
1874 # [oldid=12896437 2014-09-04 08:03 UTC]
1875 # DST in Republic of Korea was as follows.... And I checked old
1876 # newspapers in Korean, all articles correspond with data in Wikipedia.
1877 # For example, the article in 1948 (Korean Language) proved that DST
1878 # started at June 1 in that year. For another example, the article in
1879 # 1988 said that DST started at 2:00 AM in that year.
1880
1881 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1882 Rule ROK 1948 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 D
1883 Rule ROK 1948 only - Sep 13 0:00 0 S
1884 Rule ROK 1949 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 D
1885 Rule ROK 1949 1951 - Sep Sun>=8 0:00 0 S
1886 Rule ROK 1950 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 D
1887 Rule ROK 1951 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 D
1888 Rule ROK 1955 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 D
1889 Rule ROK 1955 only - Sep 9 0:00 0 S
1890 Rule ROK 1956 only - May 20 0:00 1:00 D
1891 Rule ROK 1956 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 S
1892 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - May Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 D
1893 Rule ROK 1957 1960 - Sep Sun>=18 0:00 0 S
1894 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - May Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
1895 Rule ROK 1987 1988 - Oct Sun>=8 3:00 0 S
1896
1897 # From Paul Eggert (2016-08-23):
1898 # The Korean Wikipedia entry gives the following sources for UT offsets:
1899 #
1900 # 1908: Official Journal Article No. 3994 (decree No. 5)
1901 # 1912: Governor-General of Korea Official Gazette Issue No. 367
1902 # (Announcement No. 338)
1903 # 1954: Presidential Decree No. 876 (1954-03-17)
1904 # 1961: Law No. 676 (1961-08-07)
1905 #
1906 # (Another source "1987: Law No. 3919 (1986-12-31)" was in the 2014-10-30
1907 # edition of the Korean Wikipedia entry.)
1908 #
1909 # I guessed that time zone abbreviations through 1945 followed the same
1910 # rules as discussed under Taiwan, with nominal switches from JST to KST
1911 # when the respective cities were taken over by the Allies after WWII.
1912 #
1913 # For Pyongyang, guess no changes from World War II until 2015, as we
1914 # have no information otherwise.
1915
1916 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-08-07):
1917 # According to many news sources, North Korea is going to change to
1918 # the 8:30 time zone on August 15, one example:
1919 # http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33815049
1920 #
1921 # From Paul Eggert (2015-08-15):
1922 # Bells rang out midnight (00:00) Friday as part of the celebrations. See:
1923 # Talmadge E. North Korea celebrates new time zone, 'Pyongyang Time'
1924 # http://news.yahoo.com/north-korea-celebrates-time-zone-pyongyang-time-164038128.html
1925 # There is no common English-language abbreviation for this time zone.
1926 # Use KST, as that's what we already use for 1954-1961 in ROK.
1927
1928 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1929 Zone Asia/Seoul 8:27:52 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
1930 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
1931 9:00 - JST 1945 Sep 8
1932 9:00 - KST 1954 Mar 21
1933 8:30 ROK K%sT 1961 Aug 10
1934 9:00 ROK K%sT
1935 Zone Asia/Pyongyang 8:23:00 - LMT 1908 Apr 1
1936 8:30 - KST 1912 Jan 1
1937 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 24
1938 9:00 - KST 2015 Aug 15 00:00
1939 8:30 - KST
1940
1941 ###############################################################################
1942
1943 # Kuwait
1944 # See Asia/Riyadh.
1945
1946 # Laos
1947 # See Asia/Bangkok.
1948
1949
1950 # Lebanon
1951 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1952 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
1953 Rule Lebanon 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
1954 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1955 Rule Lebanon 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1956 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
1957 Rule Lebanon 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
1958 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
1959 Rule Lebanon 1923 only - Sep 16 0:00 0 -
1960 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1961 Rule Lebanon 1957 1961 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1962 Rule Lebanon 1972 only - Jun 22 0:00 1:00 S
1963 Rule Lebanon 1972 1977 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1964 Rule Lebanon 1973 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1965 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Apr 30 0:00 1:00 S
1966 Rule Lebanon 1978 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1967 Rule Lebanon 1984 1987 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1968 Rule Lebanon 1984 1991 - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
1969 Rule Lebanon 1988 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1970 Rule Lebanon 1989 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
1971 Rule Lebanon 1990 1992 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1972 Rule Lebanon 1992 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1973 Rule Lebanon 1993 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
1974 Rule Lebanon 1993 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1975 Rule Lebanon 1999 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
1976 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1977 Zone Asia/Beirut 2:22:00 - LMT 1880
1978 2:00 Lebanon EE%sT
1979
1980 # Malaysia
1981 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1982 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Sep 14 0:00 0:20 TS # one-Third Summer
1983 Rule NBorneo 1935 1941 - Dec 14 0:00 0 -
1984 #
1985 # peninsular Malaysia
1986 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
1987 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
1988 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1989 Zone Asia/Kuala_Lumpur 6:46:46 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
1990 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
1991 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
1992 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
1993 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
1994 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
1995 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
1996 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
1997 8:00 - +08
1998 # Sabah & Sarawak
1999 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-12):
2000 # The data entries here are mostly from Shanks & Pottenger, but the 1942, 1945
2001 # and 1982 transition dates are from Mok Ly Yng.
2002 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2003 Zone Asia/Kuching 7:21:20 - LMT 1926 Mar
2004 7:30 - +0730 1933
2005 8:00 NBorneo +08/+0820 1942 Feb 16
2006 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2007 8:00 - +08
2008
2009 # Maldives
2010 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2011 Zone Indian/Maldives 4:54:00 - LMT 1880 # Male
2012 4:54:00 - MMT 1960 # Male Mean Time
2013 5:00 - +05
2014
2015 # Mongolia
2016
2017 # Shanks & Pottenger say that Mongolia has three time zones, but
2018 # The USNO (1995-12-21) and the CIA map Standard Time Zones of the World
2019 # (2005-03) both say that it has just one.
2020
2021 # From Oscar van Vlijmen (1999-12-11):
2022 # General Information Mongolia
2023 # <http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/general.htm> (1999-09)
2024 # "Time: Mongolia has two time zones. Three westernmost provinces of
2025 # Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, and Hovd are one hour earlier than the capital city, and
2026 # the rest of the country follows the Ulaanbaatar time, which is UTC/GMT plus
2027 # eight hours."
2028
2029 # From Rives McDow (1999-12-13):
2030 # Mongolia discontinued the use of daylight savings time in 1999; 1998
2031 # being the last year it was implemented. The dates of implementation I am
2032 # unsure of, but most probably it was similar to Russia, except for the time
2033 # of implementation may have been different....
2034 # Some maps in the past have indicated that there was an additional time
2035 # zone in the eastern part of Mongolia, including the provinces of Dornod,
2036 # Sükhbaatar, and possibly Khentii.
2037
2038 # From Paul Eggert (1999-12-15):
2039 # Naming and spelling is tricky in Mongolia.
2040 # We'll use Hovd (also spelled Chovd and Khovd) to represent the west zone;
2041 # the capital of the Hovd province is sometimes called Hovd, sometimes Dund-Us,
2042 # and sometimes Jirgalanta (with variant spellings), but the name Hovd
2043 # is good enough for our purposes.
2044
2045 # From Rives McDow (2001-05-13):
2046 # In addition to Mongolia starting daylight savings as reported earlier
2047 # (adopted DST on 2001-04-27 02:00 local time, ending 2001-09-28),
2048 # there are three time zones.
2049 #
2050 # Provinces [at 7:00]: Bayan-Ölgii, Uvs, Khovd, Zavkhan, Govi-Altai
2051 # Provinces [at 8:00]: Khövsgöl, Bulgan, Arkhangai, Khentii, Töv,
2052 # Bayankhongor, Övörkhangai, Dundgovi, Dornogovi, Ömnögovi
2053 # Provinces [at 9:00]: Dornod, Sükhbaatar
2054 #
2055 # [The province of Selenge is omitted from the above lists.]
2056
2057 # From Ganbold Ts., Ulaanbaatar (2004-04-17):
2058 # Daylight saving occurs at 02:00 local time last Saturday of March.
2059 # It will change back to normal at 02:00 local time last Saturday of
2060 # September.... As I remember this rule was changed in 2001.
2061 #
2062 # From Paul Eggert (2004-04-17):
2063 # For now, assume Rives McDow's informant got confused about Friday vs
2064 # Saturday, and that his 2001 dates should have 1 added to them.
2065
2066 # From Paul Eggert (2005-07-26):
2067 # We have wildly conflicting information about Mongolia's time zones.
2068 # Bill Bonnet (2005-05-19) reports that the US Embassy in Ulaanbaatar says
2069 # there is only one time zone and that DST is observed, citing Microsoft
2070 # Windows XP as the source. Risto Nykänen (2005-05-16) reports that
2071 # travelmongolia.org says there are two time zones (UT +07, +08) with no DST.
2072 # Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-05-20) reports that the Mongolian Embassy in
2073 # Washington, DC says there are two time zones, with DST observed.
2074 # He also found
2075 # http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?subaction=showcomments&id=1111634894&archive=&start_from=&ucat=1&
2076 # which also says that there is DST, and which has a comment by "Toddius"
2077 # (2005-03-31 06:05 +0700) saying "Mongolia actually has 3.5 time zones.
2078 # The West (OLGII) is +7 GMT, most of the country is ULAT is +8 GMT
2079 # and some Eastern provinces are +9 GMT but Sükhbaatar Aimag is SUHK +8.5 GMT.
2080 # The SUKH timezone is new this year, it is one of the few things the
2081 # parliament passed during the tumultuous winter session."
2082 # For now, let's ignore this information, until we have more confirmation.
2083
2084 # From Ganbold Ts. (2007-02-26):
2085 # Parliament of Mongolia has just changed the daylight-saving rule in February.
2086 # They decided not to adopt daylight-saving time....
2087 # http://www.mongolnews.mn/index.php?module=unuudur&sec=view&id=15742
2088
2089 # From Deborah Goldsmith (2008-03-30):
2090 # We received a bug report claiming that the tz database UTC offset for
2091 # Asia/Choibalsan (GMT+09:00) is incorrect, and that it should be GMT
2092 # +08:00 instead. Different sources appear to disagree with the tz
2093 # database on this, e.g.:
2094 #
2095 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/city.html?n=1026
2096 # http://www.worldtimeserver.com/current_time_in_MN.aspx
2097 #
2098 # both say GMT+08:00.
2099
2100 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-03-31):
2101 # eznis airways, which operates several domestic flights, has a flight
2102 # schedule here:
2103 # http://www.eznis.com/Container.jsp?id=112
2104 # (click the English flag for English)
2105 #
2106 # There it appears that flights between Choibalsan and Ulaanbaatar arrive
2107 # about 1:35 - 1:50 hours later in local clock time, no matter the
2108 # direction, while Ulaanbaatar-Khovd takes 2 hours in the Eastern
2109 # direction and 3:35 back, which indicates that Ulaanbaatar and Khovd are
2110 # in different time zones (like we know about), while Choibalsan and
2111 # Ulaanbaatar are in the same time zone (correction needed).
2112
2113 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2114 # Assume that Choibalsan is indeed offset by 8:00.
2115 # XXX--in the absence of better information, assume that transition
2116 # was at the start of 2008-03-31 (the day of Steffen Thorsen's report);
2117 # this is almost surely wrong.
2118
2119 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2015-03-10):
2120 # It seems like yesterday Mongolian Government meeting has concluded to use
2121 # daylight saving time in Mongolia.... Starting at 2:00AM of last Saturday of
2122 # March 2015, daylight saving time starts. And 00:00AM of last Saturday of
2123 # September daylight saving time ends. Source:
2124 # http://zasag.mn/news/view/8969
2125
2126 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2127 Rule Mongol 1983 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2128 Rule Mongol 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2129 # Shanks & Pottenger and IATA SSIM say 1990s switches occurred at 00:00,
2130 # but McDow says the 2001 switches occurred at 02:00. Also, IATA SSIM
2131 # (1996-09) says 1996-10-25. Go with Shanks & Pottenger through 1998.
2132 #
2133 # Shanks & Pottenger say that the Sept. 1984 through Sept. 1990 switches
2134 # in Choibalsan (more precisely, in Dornod and Sükhbaatar) took place
2135 # at 02:00 standard time, not at 00:00 local time as in the rest of
2136 # the country. That would be odd, and possibly is a result of their
2137 # correction of 02:00 (in the previous edition) not being done correctly
2138 # in the latest edition; so ignore it for now.
2139
2140 # From Ganbold Tsagaankhuu (2017-02-09):
2141 # Mongolian Government meeting has concluded today to cancel daylight
2142 # saving time adoption in Mongolia. Source: http://zasag.mn/news/view/16192
2143
2144 Rule Mongol 1985 1998 - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
2145 Rule Mongol 1984 1998 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2146 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says Mongolia no longer observes DST.
2147 Rule Mongol 2001 only - Apr lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
2148 Rule Mongol 2001 2006 - Sep lastSat 2:00 0 -
2149 Rule Mongol 2002 2006 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
2150 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Mar lastSat 2:00 1:00 S
2151 Rule Mongol 2015 2016 - Sep lastSat 0:00 0 -
2152
2153 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2154 # Hovd, a.k.a. Chovd, Dund-Us, Dzhargalant, Khovd, Jirgalanta
2155 Zone Asia/Hovd 6:06:36 - LMT 1905 Aug
2156 6:00 - +06 1978
2157 7:00 Mongol +07/+08
2158 # Ulaanbaatar, a.k.a. Ulan Bataar, Ulan Bator, Urga
2159 Zone Asia/Ulaanbaatar 7:07:32 - LMT 1905 Aug
2160 7:00 - +07 1978
2161 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2162 # Choibalsan, a.k.a. Bajan Tümen, Bajan Tumen, Chojbalsan,
2163 # Choybalsan, Sanbejse, Tchoibalsan
2164 Zone Asia/Choibalsan 7:38:00 - LMT 1905 Aug
2165 7:00 - +07 1978
2166 8:00 - +08 1983 Apr
2167 9:00 Mongol +09/+10 2008 Mar 31
2168 8:00 Mongol +08/+09
2169
2170 # Nepal
2171 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2172 Zone Asia/Kathmandu 5:41:16 - LMT 1920
2173 5:30 - +0530 1986
2174 5:45 - +0545
2175
2176 # Oman
2177 # See Asia/Dubai.
2178
2179 # Pakistan
2180
2181 # From Rives McDow (2002-03-13):
2182 # I have been advised that Pakistan has decided to adopt dst on a
2183 # TRIAL basis for one year, starting 00:01 local time on April 7, 2002
2184 # and ending at 00:01 local time October 6, 2002. This is what I was
2185 # told, but I believe that the actual time of change may be 00:00; the
2186 # 00:01 was to make it clear which day it was on.
2187
2188 # From Paul Eggert (2002-03-15):
2189 # Jesper Nørgaard found this URL:
2190 # http://www.pak.gov.pk/public/news/app/app06_dec.htm
2191 # (dated 2001-12-06) which says that the Cabinet adopted a scheme "to
2192 # advance the clocks by one hour on the night between the first
2193 # Saturday and Sunday of April and revert to the original position on
2194 # 15th October each year". This agrees with McDow's 04-07 at 00:00,
2195 # but disagrees about the October transition, and makes it sound like
2196 # it's not on a trial basis. Also, the "between the first Saturday
2197 # and Sunday of April" phrase, if taken literally, means that the
2198 # transition takes place at 00:00 on the first Sunday on or after 04-02.
2199
2200 # From Paul Eggert (2003-02-09):
2201 # DAWN <http://www.dawn.com/2002/10/06/top13.htm> reported on 2002-10-05
2202 # that 2002 DST ended that day at midnight. Go with McDow for now.
2203
2204 # From Steffen Thorsen (2003-03-14):
2205 # According to http://www.dawn.com/2003/03/07/top15.htm
2206 # there will be no DST in Pakistan this year:
2207 #
2208 # ISLAMABAD, March 6: Information and Media Development Minister Sheikh
2209 # Rashid Ahmed on Thursday said the cabinet had reversed a previous
2210 # decision to advance clocks by one hour in summer and put them back by
2211 # one hour in winter with the aim of saving light hours and energy.
2212 #
2213 # The minister told a news conference that the experiment had rather
2214 # shown 8 per cent higher consumption of electricity.
2215
2216 # From Alex Krivenyshev (2008-05-15):
2217 #
2218 # Here is an article that Pakistan plan to introduce Daylight Saving Time
2219 # on June 1, 2008 for 3 months.
2220 #
2221 # "... The federal cabinet on Wednesday announced a new conservation plan to
2222 # help reduce load shedding by approving the closure of commercial centres at
2223 # 9pm and moving clocks forward by one hour for the next three months. ...."
2224 #
2225 # http://www.worldtimezone.net/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan01.html
2226 # http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C05%5C15%5Cstory_15-5-2008_pg1_4
2227
2228 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-05-19):
2229 # XXX--midnight transitions is a guess; 2008 only is a guess.
2230
2231 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2232 # Pakistan government has decided to keep the watches one-hour advanced
2233 # for another 2 months - plan to return to Standard Time on October 31
2234 # instead of August 31.
2235 #
2236 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan02.html
2237 # http://dailymailnews.com/200808/28/news/dmbrn03.html
2238
2239 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-04-08):
2240 # Based on previous media reports that "... proposed plan to
2241 # advance clocks by one hour from May 1 will cause disturbance
2242 # to the working schedules rather than bringing discipline in
2243 # official working."
2244 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=171280
2245 #
2246 # recent news that instead of May 2009 - Pakistan plan to
2247 # introduce DST from April 15, 2009
2248 #
2249 # FYI: Associated Press Of Pakistan
2250 # April 08, 2009
2251 # Cabinet okays proposal to advance clocks by one hour from April 15
2252 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=73043&Itemid=1
2253 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan05.html
2254 #
2255 # ....
2256 # The Federal Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal to
2257 # advance clocks in the country by one hour from April 15 to
2258 # conserve energy"
2259
2260 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-17):
2261 # "The News International," Pakistan reports that: "The Federal
2262 # Government has decided to restore the previous time by moving the
2263 # clocks backward by one hour from October 1. A formal announcement to
2264 # this effect will be made after the Prime Minister grants approval in
2265 # this regard."
2266 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=87168
2267
2268 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-28):
2269 # According to Associated Press Of Pakistan, it is confirmed that
2270 # Pakistan clocks across the country would be turned back by an hour from
2271 # October 1, 2009.
2272 #
2273 # "Clocks to go back one hour from 1 Oct"
2274 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86715&Itemid=2
2275 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_pakistan07.htm
2276 #
2277 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-09-29):
2278 # Now they seem to have changed their mind, November 1 is the new date:
2279 # http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24742
2280 # "The country's clocks will be reversed by one hour on November 1.
2281 # Officials of Federal Ministry for Interior told this to Geo News on
2282 # Monday."
2283 #
2284 # And more importantly, it seems that these dates will be kept every year:
2285 # "It has now been decided that clocks will be wound forward by one hour
2286 # on April 15 and reversed by an hour on November 1 every year without
2287 # obtaining prior approval, the officials added."
2288 #
2289 # We have confirmed this year's end date with both with the Ministry of
2290 # Water and Power and the Pakistan Electric Power Company:
2291 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/pakistan-ends-dst09.html
2292
2293 # From Christoph Göhre (2009-10-01):
2294 # [T]he German Consulate General in Karachi reported me today that Pakistan
2295 # will go back to standard time on 1st of November.
2296
2297 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-26):
2298 # Steffen Thorsen wrote:
2299 # > On Thursday (2010-03-25) it was announced that DST would start in
2300 # > Pakistan on 2010-04-01.
2301 # >
2302 # > Then today, the president said that they might have to revert the
2303 # > decision if it is not supported by the parliament. So at the time
2304 # > being, it seems unclear if DST will be actually observed or not - but
2305 # > April 1 could be a more likely date than April 15.
2306 # Now, it seems that the decision to not observe DST in final:
2307 #
2308 # "Govt Withdraws Plan To Advance Clocks"
2309 # http://www.apakistannews.com/govt-withdraws-plan-to-advance-clocks-172041
2310 #
2311 # "People laud PM's announcement to end DST"
2312 # http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=99374&Itemid=2
2313
2314 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2315 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Apr Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2316 Rule Pakistan 2002 only - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2317 Rule Pakistan 2008 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2318 Rule Pakistan 2008 2009 - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2319 Rule Pakistan 2009 only - Apr 15 0:00 1:00 S
2320
2321 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2322 Zone Asia/Karachi 4:28:12 - LMT 1907
2323 5:30 - +0530 1942 Sep
2324 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 15
2325 5:30 - +0530 1951 Sep 30
2326 5:00 - +05 1971 Mar 26
2327 5:00 Pakistan PK%sT # Pakistan Time
2328
2329 # Palestine
2330
2331 # From Amos Shapir (1998-02-15):
2332 #
2333 # From 1917 until 1948-05-15, all of Palestine, including the parts now
2334 # known as the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, was under British rule.
2335 # Therefore the rules given for Israel for that period, apply there too...
2336 #
2337 # The Gaza Strip was under Egyptian rule between 1948-05-15 until 1967-06-05
2338 # (except a short occupation by Israel from 1956-11 till 1957-03, but no
2339 # time zone was affected then). It was never formally annexed to Egypt,
2340 # though.
2341 #
2342 # The rest of Palestine was under Jordanian rule at that time, formally
2343 # annexed in 1950 as the West Bank (and the word "Trans" was dropped from
2344 # the country's previous name of "the Hashemite Kingdom of the
2345 # Trans-Jordan"). So the rules for Jordan for that time apply. Major
2346 # towns in that area are Nablus (Shchem), El-Halil (Hebron), Ramallah, and
2347 # East Jerusalem.
2348 #
2349 # Both areas were occupied by Israel in June 1967, but not annexed (except
2350 # for East Jerusalem). They were on Israel time since then; there might
2351 # have been a Military Governor's order about time zones, but I'm not aware
2352 # of any (such orders may have been issued semi-annually whenever summer
2353 # time was in effect, but maybe the legal aspect of time was just neglected).
2354 #
2355 # The Palestinian Authority was established in 1993, and got hold of most
2356 # towns in the West Bank and Gaza by 1995. I know that in order to
2357 # demonstrate...independence, they have been switching to
2358 # summer time and back on a different schedule than Israel's, but I don't
2359 # know when this was started, or what algorithm is used (most likely the
2360 # Jordanian one).
2361 #
2362 # To summarize, the table should probably look something like that:
2363 #
2364 # Area \ when | 1918-1947 | 1948-1967 | 1967-1995 | 1996-
2365 # ------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
2366 # Israel | Zion | Zion | Zion | Zion
2367 # West bank | Zion | Jordan | Zion | Jordan
2368 # Gaza | Zion | Egypt | Zion | Jordan
2369 #
2370 # I guess more info may be available from the PA's web page (if/when they
2371 # have one).
2372
2373 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2374 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Gaza did not observe DST until 1957, but go
2375 # with Shapir and assume that it observed DST from 1940 through 1947,
2376 # and that it used Jordanian rules starting in 1996.
2377 # We don't yet need a separate entry for the West Bank, since
2378 # the only differences between it and Gaza that we know about
2379 # occurred before our cutoff date of 1970.
2380 # However, as we get more information, we may need to add entries
2381 # for parts of the West Bank as they transitioned from Israel's rules
2382 # to Palestine's rules.
2383
2384 # From IINS News Service - Israel - 1998-03-23 10:38:07 Israel time,
2385 # forwarded by Ephraim Silverberg:
2386 #
2387 # Despite the fact that Israel changed over to daylight savings time
2388 # last week, the PLO Authority (PA) has decided not to turn its clocks
2389 # one-hour forward at this time. As a sign of independence from Israeli rule,
2390 # the PA has decided to implement DST in April.
2391
2392 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-20):
2393 # Daoud Kuttab writes in Holiday havoc
2394 # http://www.jpost.com/com/Archive/22.Apr.1999/Opinion/Article-2.html
2395 # (Jerusalem Post, 1999-04-22) that
2396 # the Palestinian National Authority changed to DST on 1999-04-15.
2397 # I vaguely recall that they switch back in October (sorry, forgot the source).
2398 # For now, let's assume that the spring switch was at 24:00,
2399 # and that they switch at 0:00 on the 3rd Fridays of April and October.
2400
2401 # From Paul Eggert (2005-11-22):
2402 # Starting 2004 transitions are from Steffen Thorsen's web site timeanddate.com.
2403
2404 # From Steffen Thorsen (2005-11-23):
2405 # A user from Gaza reported that Gaza made the change early because of
2406 # the Ramadan. Next year Ramadan will be even earlier, so I think
2407 # there is a good chance next year's end date will be around two weeks
2408 # earlier - the same goes for Jordan.
2409
2410 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-08-17):
2411 # I was informed by a user in Bethlehem that in Bethlehem it started the
2412 # same day as Israel, and after checking with other users in the area, I
2413 # was informed that they started DST one day after Israel. I was not
2414 # able to find any authoritative sources at the time, nor details if
2415 # Gaza changed as well, but presumed Gaza to follow the same rules as
2416 # the West Bank.
2417
2418 # From Steffen Thorsen (2006-09-26):
2419 # according to the Palestine News Network (2006-09-19):
2420 # http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=596&Itemid=5
2421 # > The Council of Ministers announced that this year its winter schedule
2422 # > will begin early, as of midnight Thursday. It is also time to turn
2423 # > back the clocks for winter. Friday will begin an hour late this week.
2424 # I guess it is likely that next year's date will be moved as well,
2425 # because of the Ramadan.
2426
2427 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2007-09-18):
2428 # According to Steffen Thorsen's web site the Gaza Strip and the rest of the
2429 # Palestinian territories left DST early on 13.th. of September at 2:00.
2430
2431 # From Paul Eggert (2007-09-20):
2432 # My understanding is that Gaza and the West Bank disagree even over when
2433 # the weekend is (Thursday+Friday versus Friday+Saturday), so I'd be a bit
2434 # surprised if they agreed about DST. But for now, assume they agree.
2435 # For lack of better information, predict that future changes will be
2436 # the 2nd Thursday of September at 02:00.
2437
2438 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2008-08-28):
2439 # Here is an article, that Mideast running on different clocks at Ramadan.
2440 #
2441 # Gaza Strip (as Egypt) ended DST at midnight Thursday (Aug 28, 2008), while
2442 # the West Bank will end Daylight Saving Time at midnight Sunday (Aug 31, 2008).
2443 #
2444 # http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7759001
2445 # http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5676087
2446 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip01.html
2447
2448 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-03-26):
2449 # According to the Palestine News Network (arabic.pnn.ps), Palestinian
2450 # government decided to start Daylight Time on Thursday night March
2451 # 26 and continue until the night of 27 September 2009.
2452 #
2453 # (in Arabic)
2454 # http://arabic.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=50850
2455 #
2456 # (English translation)
2457 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank01.html
2458
2459 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-08-31):
2460 # Palestine's Council of Ministers announced that they will revert back to
2461 # winter time on Friday, 2009-09-04.
2462 #
2463 # One news source:
2464 # http://www.safa.ps/ara/?action=showdetail&seid=4158
2465 # (Palestinian press agency, Arabic),
2466 # Google translate: "Decided that the Palestinian government in Ramallah
2467 # headed by Salam Fayyad, the start of work in time for the winter of
2468 # 2009, starting on Friday approved the fourth delay Sept. clock sixty
2469 # minutes per hour as of Friday morning."
2470 #
2471 # We are not sure if Gaza will do the same, last year they had a different
2472 # end date, we will keep this page updated:
2473 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-dst-2009.html
2474
2475 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-09-02):
2476 # Seems that Gaza Strip will go back to Winter Time same date as West Bank.
2477 #
2478 # According to Palestinian Ministry Of Interior, West Bank and Gaza Strip plan
2479 # to change time back to Standard time on September 4, 2009.
2480 #
2481 # "Winter time unite the West Bank and Gaza"
2482 # (from Palestinian National Authority):
2483 # http://www.moi.gov.ps/en/?page=633167343250594025&nid=11505
2484 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip02.html
2485
2486 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-03-19):
2487 # According to Voice of Palestine DST will last for 191 days, from March
2488 # 26, 2010 till "the last Sunday before the tenth day of Tishri
2489 # (October), each year" (October 03, 2010?)
2490 #
2491 # http://palvoice.org/forums/showthread.php?t=245697
2492 # (in Arabic)
2493 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_westbank03.html
2494
2495 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-24):
2496 # ...Ma'an News Agency reports that Hamas cabinet has decided it will
2497 # start one day later, at 12:01am. Not sure if they really mean 12:01am or
2498 # noon though:
2499 #
2500 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=271178
2501 # (Ma'an News Agency)
2502 # "At 12:01am Friday, clocks in Israel and the West Bank will change to
2503 # 1:01am, while Gaza clocks will change at 12:01am Saturday morning."
2504
2505 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-08-11):
2506 # According to several sources, including
2507 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=306795
2508 # the clocks were set back one hour at 2010-08-11 00:00:00 local time in
2509 # Gaza and the West Bank.
2510 # Some more background info:
2511 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/westbank-gaza-end-dst-2010.html
2512
2513 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-08-26):
2514 # Gaza and the West Bank did go back to standard time in the beginning of
2515 # August, and will now enter daylight saving time again on 2011-08-30
2516 # 00:00 (so two periods of DST in 2011). The pause was because of
2517 # Ramadan.
2518 #
2519 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=416217
2520 # Additional info:
2521 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/palestine-dst-2011.html
2522
2523 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-08-27):
2524 # According to the article in The Jerusalem Post:
2525 # "...Earlier this month, the Palestinian government in the West Bank decided to
2526 # move to standard time for 30 days, during Ramadan. The Palestinians in the
2527 # Gaza Strip accepted the change and also moved their clocks one hour back.
2528 # The Hamas government said on Saturday that it won't observe summertime after
2529 # the Muslim feast of Id al-Fitr, which begins on Tuesday..."
2530 # ...
2531 # http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=235650
2532 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_gazastrip05.html
2533 # The rules for Egypt are stolen from the 'africa' file.
2534
2535 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-09-30):
2536 # West Bank did end Daylight Saving Time this morning/midnight (2011-09-30
2537 # 00:00).
2538 # So West Bank and Gaza now have the same time again.
2539 #
2540 # Many sources, including:
2541 # http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=424808
2542
2543 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2544 # Palestinian news sources tell that both Gaza and West Bank will start DST
2545 # on Friday (Thursday midnight, 2012-03-29 24:00).
2546 # Some of many sources in Arabic:
2547 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=122638
2548 #
2549 # http://safa.ps/details/news/74352/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9.html
2550 #
2551 # Our brief summary:
2552 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/gaza-west-bank-dst-2012.html
2553
2554 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-03-26):
2555 # The following news sources tells that Palestine will "start daylight saving
2556 # time from midnight on Friday, March 29, 2013" (translated).
2557 # [These are in Arabic and are for Gaza and for Ramallah, respectively.]
2558 # http://www.samanews.com/index.php?act=Show&id=154120
2559 # http://safa.ps/details/news/99844/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A-29-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A.html
2560
2561 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-09-24):
2562 # The Gaza and West Bank are ending DST Thursday at midnight
2563 # (2013-09-27 00:00:00) (one hour earlier than last year...).
2564 # This source in English, says "that winter time will go into effect
2565 # at midnight on Thursday in the West Bank and Gaza Strip":
2566 # http://english.wafa.ps/index.php?action=detail&id=23246
2567 # official source...:
2568 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/ar/Views/ViewDetails.aspx?pid=1252
2569
2570 # From Steffen Thorsen (2015-03-03):
2571 # Sources such as http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/548257
2572 # and http://www.raya.ps/ar/news/890705.html say Palestine areas will
2573 # start DST on 2015-03-28 00:00 which is one day later than expected.
2574 #
2575 # From Paul Eggert (2015-03-03):
2576 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/ramallah?year=2014
2577 # says that the fall 2014 transition was Oct 23 at 24:00.
2578
2579 # From Hannah Kreitem (2016-03-09):
2580 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/ar/ViewDetails?ID=31728
2581 # [Google translation]: "The Council also decided to start daylight
2582 # saving in Palestine as of one o'clock on Saturday morning,
2583 # 2016-03-26, to provide the clock 60 minutes ahead."
2584 #
2585 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-12):
2586 # Predict spring transitions on March's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2587
2588 # From Sharef Mustafa (2016-10-19):
2589 # [T]he Palestinian cabinet decision (Mar 8th 2016) published on
2590 # http://www.palestinecabinet.gov.ps/WebSite/Upload/Decree/GOV_17/16032016134830.pdf
2591 # states that summer time will end on Oct 29th at 01:00.
2592 #
2593 # From Tim Parenti (2016-10-19):
2594 # Predict fall transitions on October's last Saturday at 01:00 from now on.
2595 # This is consistent with the 2016 transition as well as our spring
2596 # predictions.
2597 #
2598 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-19):
2599 # It's also consistent with predictions in the following URLs today:
2600 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/gaza-strip/gaza
2601 # http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/west-bank/hebron
2602
2603 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2604 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 only - May 10 0:00 1:00 S
2605 Rule EgyptAsia 1957 1958 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2606 Rule EgyptAsia 1958 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2607 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1967 - May 1 1:00 1:00 S
2608 Rule EgyptAsia 1959 1965 - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
2609 Rule EgyptAsia 1966 only - Oct 1 3:00 0 -
2610
2611 Rule Palestine 1999 2005 - Apr Fri>=15 0:00 1:00 S
2612 Rule Palestine 1999 2003 - Oct Fri>=15 0:00 0 -
2613 Rule Palestine 2004 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2614 Rule Palestine 2005 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
2615 Rule Palestine 2006 2007 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2616 Rule Palestine 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2617 Rule Palestine 2007 only - Sep Thu>=8 2:00 0 -
2618 Rule Palestine 2008 2009 - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2619 Rule Palestine 2008 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2620 Rule Palestine 2009 only - Sep Fri>=1 1:00 0 -
2621 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2622 Rule Palestine 2010 only - Aug 11 0:00 0 -
2623 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Apr 1 0:01 1:00 S
2624 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2625 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Aug 30 0:00 1:00 S
2626 Rule Palestine 2011 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2627 Rule Palestine 2012 2014 - Mar lastThu 24:00 1:00 S
2628 Rule Palestine 2012 only - Sep 21 1:00 0 -
2629 Rule Palestine 2013 only - Sep Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2630 Rule Palestine 2014 2015 - Oct Fri>=21 0:00 0 -
2631 Rule Palestine 2015 only - Mar lastFri 24:00 1:00 S
2632 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Mar lastSat 1:00 1:00 S
2633 Rule Palestine 2016 max - Oct lastSat 1:00 0 -
2634
2635 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2636 Zone Asia/Gaza 2:17:52 - LMT 1900 Oct
2637 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2638 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2639 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2640 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2641 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2008 Aug 29 0:00
2642 2:00 - EET 2008 Sep
2643 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2010
2644 2:00 - EET 2010 Mar 27 0:01
2645 2:00 Palestine EE%sT 2011 Aug 1
2646 2:00 - EET 2012
2647 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2648
2649 Zone Asia/Hebron 2:20:23 - LMT 1900 Oct
2650 2:00 Zion EET/EEST 1948 May 15
2651 2:00 EgyptAsia EE%sT 1967 Jun 5
2652 2:00 Zion I%sT 1996
2653 2:00 Jordan EE%sT 1999
2654 2:00 Palestine EE%sT
2655
2656 # Paracel Is
2657 # no information
2658
2659 # Philippines
2660 # On 1844-08-16, Narciso Clavería, governor-general of the
2661 # Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing that 1844-12-30 was to
2662 # be immediately followed by 1845-01-01; see R.H. van Gent's
2663 # History of the International Date Line
2664 # http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/idl/idl_philippines.htm
2665 # The rest of the data entries are from Shanks & Pottenger.
2666
2667 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-26):
2668 # ... claims that Philippines had DST last time in 1990:
2669 # http://story.philippinetimes.com/p.x/ct/9/id/145be20cc6b121c0/cid/3e5bbccc730d258c/
2670 # [a story dated 2006-04-25 by Cris Larano of Dow Jones Newswires,
2671 # but no details]
2672
2673 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-14):
2674 # The following source says DST may be instituted November-January and again
2675 # March-June, but this is not definite. It also says DST was last proclaimed
2676 # during the Ramos administration (1992-1998); but again, no details.
2677 # Carcamo D. PNoy urged to declare use of daylight saving time.
2678 # Philippine Star 2014-08-05
2679 # http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/08/05/1354152/pnoy-urged-declare-use-daylight-saving-time
2680
2681 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2682 Rule Phil 1936 only - Nov 1 0:00 1:00 S
2683 Rule Phil 1937 only - Feb 1 0:00 0 -
2684 Rule Phil 1954 only - Apr 12 0:00 1:00 S
2685 Rule Phil 1954 only - Jul 1 0:00 0 -
2686 Rule Phil 1978 only - Mar 22 0:00 1:00 S
2687 Rule Phil 1978 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2688 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2689 Zone Asia/Manila -15:56:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
2690 8:04:00 - LMT 1899 May 11
2691 8:00 Phil +08/+09 1942 May
2692 9:00 - +09 1944 Nov
2693 8:00 Phil +08/+09
2694
2695 # Qatar
2696 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2697 Zone Asia/Qatar 3:26:08 - LMT 1920 # Al Dawhah / Doha
2698 4:00 - +04 1972 Jun
2699 3:00 - +03
2700 Link Asia/Qatar Asia/Bahrain
2701
2702 # Saudi Arabia
2703 #
2704 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
2705 # Time in Saudi Arabia and other countries in the Arabian peninsula was not
2706 # standardized until relatively recently; we don't know when, and possibly it
2707 # has never been made official. Richard P Hunt, in "Islam city yielding to
2708 # modern times", New York Times (1961-04-09), p 20, wrote that only airlines
2709 # observed standard time, and that people in Jeddah mostly observed quasi-solar
2710 # time, doing so by setting their watches at sunrise to 6 o'clock (or to 12
2711 # o'clock for "Arab" time).
2712 #
2713 # The TZ database cannot represent quasi-solar time; airline time is the best
2714 # we can do. The 1946 foreign air news digest of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics
2715 # Board (OCLC 42299995) reported that the "... Arabian Government, inaugurated
2716 # a weekly Dhahran-Cairo service, via the Saudi Arabian cities of Riyadh and
2717 # Jidda, on March 14, 1947". Shanks & Pottenger guessed 1950; go with the
2718 # earlier date.
2719 #
2720 # Shanks & Pottenger also state that until 1968-05-01 Saudi Arabia had two
2721 # time zones; the other zone, at UT +04, was in the far eastern part of
2722 # the country. Ignore this, as it's before our 1970 cutoff.
2723 #
2724 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2725 Zone Asia/Riyadh 3:06:52 - LMT 1947 Mar 14
2726 3:00 - +03
2727 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Aden # Yemen
2728 Link Asia/Riyadh Asia/Kuwait
2729
2730 # Singapore
2731 # taken from Mok Ly Yng (2003-10-30)
2732 # http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone.html
2733 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2734 Zone Asia/Singapore 6:55:25 - LMT 1901 Jan 1
2735 6:55:25 - SMT 1905 Jun 1 # Singapore M.T.
2736 7:00 - +07 1933 Jan 1
2737 7:00 0:20 +0720 1936 Jan 1
2738 7:20 - +0720 1941 Sep 1
2739 7:30 - +0730 1942 Feb 16
2740 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 12
2741 7:30 - +0730 1982 Jan 1
2742 8:00 - +08
2743
2744 # Spratly Is
2745 # no information
2746
2747 # Sri Lanka
2748
2749 # From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
2750 # Milne says "Madras mean time use from May 1, 1898. Prior to this Colombo
2751 # mean time, 5h. 4m. 21.9s. F., was used." But 5:04:21.9 differs considerably
2752 # from Colombo's meridian 5:19:24, so for now ignore Milne and stick with
2753 # Shanks and Pottenger.
2754
2755 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
2756 # "Sri Lanka advances clock by an hour to avoid blackout"
2757 # (<http://www.virtual-pc.com/lankaweb/news/items/240596-2.html>, 1996-05-24,
2758 # no longer available as of 1999-08-17)
2759 # reported "the country's standard time will be put forward by one hour at
2760 # midnight Friday (1830 GMT) 'in the light of the present power crisis'."
2761 #
2762 # From Dharmasiri Senanayake, Sri Lanka Media Minister (1996-10-24), as quoted
2763 # by Shamindra in Daily News - Hot News Section
2764 # <news:54rka5$m5h@mtinsc01-mgt.ops.worldnet.att.net> (1996-10-26):
2765 # With effect from 12.30 a.m. on 26th October 1996
2766 # Sri Lanka will be six (06) hours ahead of GMT.
2767
2768 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-04-14), quoting Sri Lanka News Online
2769 # <http://news.sinhalaya.com/wmview.php?ArtID=11002> (2006-04-13):
2770 # 0030 hrs on April 15, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006 +30 minutes)
2771 # at present, become 2400 hours of April 14, 2006 (midnight of April 14, 2006).
2772
2773 # From Peter Apps and Ranga Sirila of Reuters (2006-04-12) in:
2774 # http://today.reuters.co.uk/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=scienceNews&storyID=2006-04-12T172228Z_01_COL295762_RTRIDST_0_SCIENCE-SRILANKA-TIME-DC.XML
2775 # [The Tamil Tigers] never accepted the original 1996 time change and simply
2776 # kept their clocks set five and a half hours ahead of Greenwich Mean
2777 # Time (GMT), in line with neighbor India.
2778 # From Paul Eggert (2006-04-18):
2779 # People who live in regions under Tamil control can use [TZ='Asia/Kolkata'],
2780 # as that zone has agreed with the Tamil areas since our cutoff date of 1970.
2781
2782 # From Sadika Sumanapala (2016-10-19):
2783 # According to http://www.sltime.org (maintained by Measurement Units,
2784 # Standards & Services Department, Sri Lanka) abbreviation for Sri Lanka
2785 # standard time is SLST.
2786 #
2787 # From Paul Eggert (2016-10-18):
2788 # "SLST" seems to be reasonably recent and rarely-used outside time
2789 # zone nerd sources. I searched Google News and found three uses of
2790 # it in the International Business Times of India in February and
2791 # March of this year when discussing cricket match times, but nothing
2792 # since then (though there has been a lot of cricket) and nothing in
2793 # other English-language news sources. Our old abbreviation "LKT" is
2794 # even worse. For now, let's use a numeric abbreviation; we can
2795 # switch to "SLST" if it catches on.
2796
2797 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2798 Zone Asia/Colombo 5:19:24 - LMT 1880
2799 5:19:32 - MMT 1906 # Moratuwa Mean Time
2800 5:30 - +0530 1942 Jan 5
2801 5:30 0:30 +06 1942 Sep
2802 5:30 1:00 +0630 1945 Oct 16 2:00
2803 5:30 - +0530 1996 May 25 0:00
2804 6:30 - +0630 1996 Oct 26 0:30
2805 6:00 - +06 2006 Apr 15 0:30
2806 5:30 - +0530
2807
2808 # Syria
2809 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2810 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
2811 Rule Syria 1920 1923 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
2812 Rule Syria 1962 only - Apr 29 2:00 1:00 S
2813 Rule Syria 1962 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2814 Rule Syria 1963 1965 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
2815 Rule Syria 1963 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2816 Rule Syria 1964 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2817 Rule Syria 1965 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2818 Rule Syria 1966 only - Apr 24 2:00 1:00 S
2819 Rule Syria 1966 1976 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2820 Rule Syria 1967 1978 - May 1 2:00 1:00 S
2821 Rule Syria 1977 1978 - Sep 1 2:00 0 -
2822 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Apr 9 2:00 1:00 S
2823 Rule Syria 1983 1984 - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2824 Rule Syria 1986 only - Feb 16 2:00 1:00 S
2825 Rule Syria 1986 only - Oct 9 2:00 0 -
2826 Rule Syria 1987 only - Mar 1 2:00 1:00 S
2827 Rule Syria 1987 1988 - Oct 31 2:00 0 -
2828 Rule Syria 1988 only - Mar 15 2:00 1:00 S
2829 Rule Syria 1989 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2830 Rule Syria 1989 only - Oct 1 2:00 0 -
2831 Rule Syria 1990 only - Apr 1 2:00 1:00 S
2832 Rule Syria 1990 only - Sep 30 2:00 0 -
2833 Rule Syria 1991 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2834 Rule Syria 1991 1992 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2835 Rule Syria 1992 only - Apr 8 0:00 1:00 S
2836 Rule Syria 1993 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2837 Rule Syria 1993 only - Sep 25 0:00 0 -
2838 # IATA SSIM (1998-02) says 1998-04-02;
2839 # (1998-09) says 1999-03-29 and 1999-09-29; (1999-02) says 1999-04-02,
2840 # 2000-04-02, and 2001-04-02; (1999-09) says 2000-03-31 and 2001-03-31;
2841 # (2006) says 2006-03-31 and 2006-09-22;
2842 # for now ignore all these claims and go with Shanks & Pottenger,
2843 # except for the 2006-09-22 claim (which seems right for Ramadan).
2844 Rule Syria 1994 1996 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2845 Rule Syria 1994 2005 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2846 Rule Syria 1997 1998 - Mar lastMon 0:00 1:00 S
2847 Rule Syria 1999 2006 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2848 # From Stephen Colebourne (2006-09-18):
2849 # According to IATA data, Syria will change DST on 21st September [21:00 UTC]
2850 # this year [only].... This is probably related to Ramadan, like Egypt.
2851 Rule Syria 2006 only - Sep 22 0:00 0 -
2852 # From Paul Eggert (2007-03-29):
2853 # Today the AP reported "Syria will switch to summertime at midnight Thursday."
2854 # http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/03/29/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Time-Change.php
2855 Rule Syria 2007 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2856 # From Jesper Nørgaard (2007-10-27):
2857 # The sister center ICARDA of my work CIMMYT is confirming that Syria DST will
2858 # not take place 1st November at 0:00 o'clock but 1st November at 24:00 or
2859 # rather Midnight between Thursday and Friday. This does make more sense than
2860 # having it between Wednesday and Thursday (two workdays in Syria) since the
2861 # weekend in Syria is not Saturday and Sunday, but Friday and Saturday. So now
2862 # it is implemented at midnight of the last workday before weekend...
2863 #
2864 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-10-27):
2865 # Jesper Nørgaard Welen wrote:
2866 #
2867 # > "Winter local time in Syria will be observed at midnight of Thursday 1
2868 # > November 2007, and the clock will be put back 1 hour."
2869 #
2870 # I found confirmation on this in this gov.sy-article (Arabic):
2871 # http://wehda.alwehda.gov.sy/_print_veiw.asp?FileName=12521710520070926111247
2872 #
2873 # which using Google's translate tools says:
2874 # Council of Ministers also approved the commencement of work on
2875 # identifying the winter time as of Friday, 2/11/2007 where the 60th
2876 # minute delay at midnight Thursday 1/11/2007.
2877 Rule Syria 2007 only - Nov Fri>=1 0:00 0 -
2878
2879 # From Stephen Colebourne (2008-03-17):
2880 # For everyone's info, I saw an IATA time zone change for [Syria] for
2881 # this month (March 2008) in the last day or so....
2882 # Country Time Standard --- DST Start --- --- DST End --- DST
2883 # Name Zone Variation Time Date Time Date
2884 # Variation
2885 # Syrian Arab
2886 # Republic SY +0200 2200 03APR08 2100 30SEP08 +0300
2887 # 2200 02APR09 2100 30SEP09 +0300
2888 # 2200 01APR10 2100 30SEP10 +0300
2889
2890 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-17):
2891 # Here's a link to English-language coverage by the Syrian Arab News
2892 # Agency (SANA)...
2893 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2008/03/11/165173.htm
2894 # ...which reads (in part) "The Cabinet approved the suggestion of the
2895 # Ministry of Electricity to begin daylight savings time on Friday April
2896 # 4th, advancing clocks one hour ahead on midnight of Thursday April 3rd."
2897 # Since Syria is two hours east of UTC, the 2200 and 2100 transition times
2898 # shown above match up with midnight in Syria.
2899
2900 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
2901 # My best guess at a Syrian rule is "the Friday nearest April 1";
2902 # coding that involves either using a "Mar Fri>=29" construct that old time zone
2903 # compilers can't handle or having multiple Rules (a la Israel).
2904 # For now, use "Apr Fri>=1", and go with IATA on a uniform Sep 30 end.
2905
2906 # From Steffen Thorsen (2008-10-07):
2907 # Syria has now officially decided to end DST on 2008-11-01 this year,
2908 # according to the following article in the Syrian Arab News Agency (SANA).
2909 #
2910 # The article is in Arabic, and seems to tell that they will go back to
2911 # winter time on 2008-11-01 at 00:00 local daylight time (delaying/setting
2912 # clocks back 60 minutes).
2913 #
2914 # http://sana.sy/ara/2/2008/10/07/195459.htm
2915
2916 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-03-19):
2917 # Syria will start DST on 2009-03-27 00:00 this year according to many sources,
2918 # two examples:
2919 #
2920 # http://www.sana.sy/eng/21/2009/03/17/217563.htm
2921 # (English, Syrian Arab News # Agency)
2922 # http://thawra.alwehda.gov.sy/_View_news2.asp?FileName=94459258720090318012209
2923 # (Arabic, gov-site)
2924 #
2925 # We have not found any sources saying anything about when DST ends this year.
2926 #
2927 # Our summary
2928 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-starts-march-27-2009.html
2929
2930 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-27):
2931 # The Syrian Arab News Network on 2009-09-29 reported that Syria will
2932 # revert back to winter (standard) time on midnight between Thursday
2933 # 2009-10-29 and Friday 2009-10-30:
2934 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2009/09/29/247012.htm (Arabic)
2935
2936 # From Arthur David Olson (2009-10-28):
2937 # We'll see if future DST switching times turn out to be end of the last
2938 # Thursday of the month or the start of the last Friday of the month or
2939 # something else. For now, use the start of the last Friday.
2940
2941 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-17):
2942 # The "Syrian News Station" reported on 2010-03-16 that the Council of
2943 # Ministers has decided that Syria will start DST on midnight Thursday
2944 # 2010-04-01: (midnight between Thursday and Friday):
2945 # http://sns.sy/sns/?path=news/read/11421 (Arabic)
2946
2947 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-03-26):
2948 # Today, Syria's government announced that they will start DST early on Friday
2949 # (00:00). This is a bit earlier than the past two years.
2950 #
2951 # From Syrian Arab News Agency, in Arabic:
2952 # http://www.sana.sy/ara/2/2012/03/26/408215.htm
2953 #
2954 # Our brief summary:
2955 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/syria-dst-2012.html
2956
2957 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-27):
2958 # Assume last Friday in March going forward XXX.
2959
2960 Rule Syria 2008 only - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2961 Rule Syria 2008 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2962 Rule Syria 2009 only - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2963 Rule Syria 2010 2011 - Apr Fri>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2964 Rule Syria 2012 max - Mar lastFri 0:00 1:00 S
2965 Rule Syria 2009 max - Oct lastFri 0:00 0 -
2966
2967 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2968 Zone Asia/Damascus 2:25:12 - LMT 1920 # Dimashq
2969 2:00 Syria EE%sT
2970
2971 # Tajikistan
2972 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
2973 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2974 Zone Asia/Dushanbe 4:35:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2975 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
2976 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2977 5:00 1:00 +05/+06 1991 Sep 9 2:00s
2978 5:00 - +05
2979
2980 # Thailand
2981 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2982 Zone Asia/Bangkok 6:42:04 - LMT 1880
2983 6:42:04 - BMT 1920 Apr # Bangkok Mean Time
2984 7:00 - +07
2985 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Phnom_Penh # Cambodia
2986 Link Asia/Bangkok Asia/Vientiane # Laos
2987
2988 # Turkmenistan
2989 # From Shanks & Pottenger.
2990 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2991 Zone Asia/Ashgabat 3:53:32 - LMT 1924 May 2 # or Ashkhabad
2992 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
2993 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1991 Mar 31 2:00
2994 4:00 RussiaAsia +04/+05 1992 Jan 19 2:00
2995 5:00 - +05
2996
2997 # United Arab Emirates
2998 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2999 Zone Asia/Dubai 3:41:12 - LMT 1920
3000 4:00 - +04
3001 Link Asia/Dubai Asia/Muscat # Oman
3002
3003 # Uzbekistan
3004 # Byalokoz 1919 says Uzbekistan was 4:27:53.
3005 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3006 Zone Asia/Samarkand 4:27:53 - LMT 1924 May 2
3007 4:00 - +04 1930 Jun 21
3008 5:00 - +05 1981 Apr 1
3009 5:00 1:00 +06 1981 Oct 1
3010 6:00 - +06 1982 Apr 1
3011 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3012 5:00 - +05
3013 # Milne says Tashkent was 4:37:10.8; round to nearest.
3014 Zone Asia/Tashkent 4:37:11 - LMT 1924 May 2
3015 5:00 - +05 1930 Jun 21
3016 6:00 RussiaAsia +06/+07 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3017 5:00 RussiaAsia +05/+06 1992
3018 5:00 - +05
3019
3020 # Vietnam
3021
3022 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-04):
3023 # Milne gives 7:16:56 for the meridian of Saigon in 1899, as being
3024 # used in Lower Laos, Cambodia, and Annam. But this is quite a ways
3025 # from Saigon's location. For now, ignore this and stick with Shanks
3026 # and Pottenger for LMT before 1906.
3027
3028 # From Arthur David Olson (2008-03-18):
3029 # The English-language name of Vietnam's most populous city is "Ho Chi Minh
3030 # City"; use Ho_Chi_Minh below to avoid a name of more than 14 characters.
3031
3032 # From Paul Eggert (2014-10-21) after a heads-up from Trần Ngọc Quân:
3033 # Trần Tiến Bình's authoritative book "Lịch Việt Nam: thế kỷ XX-XXI (1901-2100)"
3034 # (Nhà xuất bản Văn Hoá - Thông Tin, Hanoi, 2005), pp 49-50,
3035 # is quoted verbatim in:
3036 # http://www.thoigian.com.vn/?mPage=P80D01
3037 # is translated by Brian Inglis in:
3038 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-October/021654.html
3039 # and is the basis for the information below.
3040 #
3041 # The 1906 transition was effective July 1 and standardized Indochina to
3042 # Phù Liễn Observatory, legally 104 deg. 17'17" east of Paris.
3043 # It's unclear whether this meant legal Paris Mean Time (00:09:21) or
3044 # the Paris Meridian (2 deg. 20'14.03" E); the former yields 07:06:30.1333...
3045 # and the latter 07:06:29.333... so either way it rounds to 07:06:30,
3046 # which is used below even though the modern-day Phù Liễn Observatory
3047 # is closer to 07:06:31. Abbreviate Phù Liễn Mean Time as PLMT.
3048 #
3049 # The following transitions occurred in Indochina in general (before 1954)
3050 # and in South Vietnam in particular (after 1954):
3051 # To 07:00 on 1911-05-01.
3052 # To 08:00 on 1942-12-31 at 23:00.
3053 # To 09:00 in 1945-03-14 at 23:00.
3054 # To 07:00 on 1945-09-02 in Vietnam.
3055 # To 08:00 on 1947-04-01 in French-controlled Indochina.
3056 # To 07:00 on 1955-07-01 in South Vietnam.
3057 # To 08:00 on 1959-12-31 at 23:00 in South Vietnam.
3058 # To 07:00 on 1975-06-13 in South Vietnam.
3059 #
3060 # Trần cites the following sources; it's unclear which supplied the info above.
3061 #
3062 # Hoàng Xuân Hãn: "Lịch và lịch Việt Nam". Tập san Khoa học Xã hội,
3063 # No. 9, Paris, February 1982.
3064 #
3065 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch và niên biểu lịch sử hai mươi thế kỷ (0001-2010)",
3066 # NXB Thống kê, Hanoi, 2000.
3067 #
3068 # Lê Thành Lân: "Lịch hai thế kỷ (1802-2010) và các lịch vĩnh cửu",
3069 # NXB Thuận Hoá, Huế, 1995.
3070
3071 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3072 Zone Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh 7:06:40 - LMT 1906 Jul 1
3073 7:06:30 - PLMT 1911 May 1 # Phù Liễn MT
3074 7:00 - +07 1942 Dec 31 23:00
3075 8:00 - +08 1945 Mar 14 23:00
3076 9:00 - +09 1945 Sep 2
3077 7:00 - +07 1947 Apr 1
3078 8:00 - +08 1955 Jul 1
3079 7:00 - +07 1959 Dec 31 23:00
3080 8:00 - +08 1975 Jun 13
3081 7:00 - +07
3082
3083 # Yemen
3084 # See Asia/Riyadh.