1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3
4 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
5 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
6 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
7 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
8
9 # From Paul Eggert (2014-05-31):
10 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
11 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
12 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
13 #
14 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
15 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
16 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
17 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
18 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
19 #
20 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
21 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
22 #
23 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
24 # entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
25 #
26 # Other sources occasionally used include:
27 #
28 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
29 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
30 # which I found in the UCLA library.
31 #
32 # William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
33 # <http://cs.ucla.edu/~eggert/The-Waste-of-Daylight-19th.pdf>
34 # [PDF] (1914-03)
35 #
36 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
37 # <http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359>. He writes:
38 # "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
39 # may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
40 # Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
41 #
42 # Byalokoz EL. New Counting of Time in Russia since July 1, 1919.
43 # This Russian-language source was consulted by Vladimir Karpinsky; see
44 # http://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2014-August/021320.html
45 # The full Russian citation is:
46 # Бялокоз, Евгений Людвигович. Новый счет времени в течении суток
47 # введенный декретом Совета народных комиссаров для всей России с 1-го
48 # июля 1919 г. / Изд. 2-е Междуведомственной комиссии. - Петроград:
49 # Десятая гос. тип., 1919.
50 # http://resolver.gpntb.ru/purl?docushare/dsweb/Get/Resource-2011/Byalokoz__E.L.__Novyy__schet__vremeni__v__techenie__sutok__izd__2(1).pdf
51 #
52 # Brazil's Divisão Serviço da Hora (DSHO),
53 # History of Summer Time
54 # <http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm>
55 # (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
56
57 #
58 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
59 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
60 # Corrections are welcome!
61 # std dst 2dst
62 # LMT Local Mean Time
63 # -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
64 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
65 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
66 # 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
67 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
68 # 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
69 # 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
70 # 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
71 # 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
72 # 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
73 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
74 # 3:00 FET Further-eastern Europe*
75 # 3:00 MSK MSD MSM* Moscow
76
77 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
78 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
79 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
80 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
81 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
82 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
83 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
84 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
85 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
86 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
87 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
88 # ...
89 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
90 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
91 # ...
92 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
93 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
94 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
95 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
96 # in the Directive.
97
98
99 ###############################################################################
100
101 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
102
103 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
104 #
105 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
106 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
107 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
108 # of the text said:
109 #
110 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
111 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
112 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
113 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
114 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
115 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
116 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
117 #
118 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
119 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
120 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
121 #
122 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
123
124 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
125 #
126 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
127 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
128 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
129 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
130 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
131 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
132 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
133 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
134 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
135 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
136 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
137 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
138 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
139 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
140 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
141 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
142 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
143 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
144 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
145 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
146 #
147 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
148 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
149 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
150
151 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
152 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
153 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
154 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
155 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
156 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
157 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
158 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
159 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
160 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
161 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
162 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
163 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
164 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
165 #
166 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
167 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
168 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
169 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
170 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
171 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
172 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
173 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
174 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
175 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
176 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
177 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
178 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
179 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
180 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
181
182 # From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
183 # It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
184 # summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
185 # between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
186 # plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
187 # foundations of civilization throughout the world.
188 # -- "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly;
189 # republished in Finest Hour (Spring 2002) 1(114):26
190 # http://www.winstonchurchill.org/images/finesthour/Vol.01%20No.114.pdf
191
192 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
193 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said "Daylight Saving"
194 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
195 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
196 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using "Summer".
197
198 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
199 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
200 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
201
202 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
203 # From: Jonathan Leffler
204 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
205 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
206 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
207
208 # From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
209 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
210 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
211 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
212 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
213
214 # From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
215 # ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
216 # main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
217 # agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
218
219 # From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
220 # On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
221 # Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
222 # official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
223 # but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
224 # Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
225 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/bbc-19410418.png
226 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/ho-19410421.png
227
228 # From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
229 # [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
230 # which is to be introduced in May....
231 # I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
232 # which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
233
234 # From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
235 # Howse writes (p 157) 'DBST' too, but 'BDST' seems to have been common
236 # and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
237 # so we use 'BDST'.
238
239 # Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
240 # the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
241 # Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
242 # and extending this list, which can be found in
243 # http://www.polyomino.org.uk/british-time/
244
245 # From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
246 #
247 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
248 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
249 # http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo970611/text/70611-10.htm#70611-10_head0
250 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976).
251
252 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
253 #
254 # For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
255 #
256 # Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
257 # are incorrect:
258 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
259 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
260 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
261 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
262 # It actually just had one transition.
263 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
264 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
265 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
266 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
267 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
268 #
269 # Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
270 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
271 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
272 # conform with Great Britain.
273 # S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
274 #
275 # The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
276 # we'll ignore it for now.
277 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
278 #
279 #
280 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
281 # Shanks & Pottenger.
282 # Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
283 # (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
284 # to London. For example:
285 #
286 # "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
287 # -- James Joyce, Ulysses
288
289 # From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
290 # Irish laws are available online at <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie>.
291 # These include various relating to legal time, for example:
292 #
293 # ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html
294 #
295 # ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html
296 # ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html
297 #
298 # ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html
299 # ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html
300 # ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html
301 #
302 # ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html
303 # ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html
304 # ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html
305 #
306 # [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is
307 # <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]
308 #
309 # (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
310 # should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
311 # the laws applicable in Ireland.)
312 #
313 # (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
314 # in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
315 # is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
316 # being GMT+1.)
317
318 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
319 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
320 # reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
321 # (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
322 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
323 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
324 # and Frethun run in CT.
325 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
326 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
327 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
328 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
329 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
330 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.
331
332 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
333 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
334 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
335 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
336 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
337 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
338 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
339
340 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
341 # Summer Time Act, 1916
342 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
343 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
344 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
345 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
346 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
347 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
348 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
349 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
350 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
351 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
352 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
353 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
354 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
355 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
356 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
357 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
358 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
359 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
360 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
361 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
362 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
363 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
364 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
365 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
366 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
367 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
368 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
369 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
370 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
371 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
372 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
373 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
374 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
375 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
376 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
377 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
378 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
379 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
380 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
381 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
382 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
383 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
384 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
385 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
386 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
387 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
388 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
389 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
390 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
391 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
392 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
393 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
394 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
395 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
396 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
397 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
398 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
399 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
400 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
401 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
402 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
403 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
404 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
405 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
406 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
407 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
408 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
409 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
410 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
411 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
412 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
413 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
414 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
415 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
416 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
417 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
418 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
419 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
420 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
421 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
422 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
423 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
424 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
425 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
426 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
427 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
428 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
429 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
430 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
431 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
432 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
433 # (no summer time)
434 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
435 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
436 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
437 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
438 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
439 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
440 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
441 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
442 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
443 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
444 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
445 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
446 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
447 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
448 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
449 #
450 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
451
452 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
453 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
454 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
455 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
456 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
457 0:00 EU GMT/BST
458 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
459 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
460 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
461
462 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
463 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
464 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
465 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
466 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
467 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
468 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
469 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
470 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
471 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
472 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
473 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
474 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
475 0:00 EU GMT/IST
476
477 ###############################################################################
478
479 # Europe
480
481 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
482 # Common Market, etc.
483
484 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
485 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
486 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
487 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
488 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
489 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
490 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
491 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
492 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
493 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
494 # http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT
495
496 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
497 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
498 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
499 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
500 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
501 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
502 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
503
504 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
505 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
506 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
507 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
508 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
509 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
510 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
511 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
512 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
513 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
514 Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
515 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
516 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
517 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
518 #
519 # I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
520 # in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
521 # corrected in version 2008d). The circumstantial evidence is simply the
522 # tz database itself, as seen below:
523 #
524 # Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
525 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
526 #
527 # Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
528 # 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
529 #
530 # Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
531 # 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
532 #
533 # Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
534 # Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
535 # Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
536 #
537 # The rule line to be changed is:
538 #
539 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
540 #
541 # It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
542 # 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
543 # countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
544 # affected are apparently these fictitious zones that translate acronyms
545 # CET and MET:
546 #
547 # Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
548 # Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
549 #
550 # It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
551 #
552 # Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
553 #
554 # A small step for mankind though 8-)
555 Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
556 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
557 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
558 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
559 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
560 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
561 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
562
563 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
564 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
565 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
566 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
567 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
568 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
569 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
570
571 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
572 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
573 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
574 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
575 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
576 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
577 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 MSD
578 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 MSK
579 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 MSD
580 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 MSM # Midsummer
581 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 MSD
582 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
583 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
584 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
585 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
586 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
587 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
588 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
589 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
590 #
591 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
592 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
593 Rule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
594 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
595 Rule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
596
597 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
598 # According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
599 # signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
600 # According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
601 #
602 # Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
603 # http://bmockbe.ru/events/?ID=7583
604 #
605 # Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
606 # http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1413906.html
607
608 # From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
609 # Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
610 # to be standard.
611
612 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
613
614 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
615 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
616 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
617 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
618 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
619
620 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
621 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
622
623 # From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
624 # The official German names ... are
625 #
626 # Mitteleuropäische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
627 # Mitteleuropäische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
628 #
629 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz über die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
630 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
631 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
632 #
633 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
634 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
635 # Postfach 3345
636 # D-38023 Braunschweig
637 # phone: +49 531 592-0
638 #
639 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
640 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
641 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
642 #
643 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
644 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
645
646
647 # Albania
648 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
649 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
650 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
651 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
652 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
653 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
654 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
655 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
656 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
657 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
658 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
659 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
660 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
661 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
662 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
663 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
664 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
665 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
666 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
667 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
668 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
669 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
670 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
671 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
672 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
673 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
674 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
675 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
676 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
677 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
678 1:00 EU CE%sT
679
680 # Andorra
681 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
682 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
683 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
684 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
685 1:00 EU CE%sT
686
687 # Austria
688
689 # Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
690
691 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
692 # 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
693 # Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
694 # date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
695 # Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
696 # and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
697
698 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
699 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
700 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
701 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
702 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
703 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
704 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
705 Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
706 Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
707 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
708 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:21 - LMT 1893 Apr
709 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
710 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
711 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
712 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
713 1:00 - CET 1946
714 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
715 1:00 EU CE%sT
716
717 # Belarus
718 # From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
719 # By latest Belarus government act Europe/Minsk timezone was changed to
720 # GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
721 #
722 # Sources (Russian language):
723 # http://www.belta.by/ru/all_news/society/V-Belarusi-otmenjaetsja-perexod-na-sezonnoe-vremja_i_572952.html
724 # http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2011/09/16/ic_articles_116_175144/
725 # http://news.tut.by/society/250578.html
726 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
727 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
728 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
729 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
730 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
731 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
732 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
733 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
734 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
735 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
736 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
737 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
738 3:00 - FET
739
740 # Belgium
741 #
742 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
743 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
744 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
745 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe année, 1991
746 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
747 # pp 8-9.
748 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
749 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
750 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
751 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
752 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
753 #
754 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
755 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
756 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
757 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
758 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
759 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
760 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
761 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
762 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
763 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
764 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
765 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
766 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
767 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
768 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
769 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
770 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
771 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
772 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
773 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
774 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
775 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
776 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
777 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
778 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
779 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
780 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
781 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
782 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
783 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
784 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
785 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
786 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
787 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
788 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
789 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
790 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
791 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
792 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
793 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
794 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
795 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
796 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
797 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
798 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
799 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
800 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
801 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
802 1:00 EU CE%sT
803
804 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
805 # See Europe/Belgrade.
806
807 # Bulgaria
808 #
809 # From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
810 # A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
811 # EET -> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
812 # EETDST -> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
813 #
814 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
815 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
816 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
817 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
818 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
819 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
820 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
821 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
822 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
823 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
824 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
825 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
826 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
827 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
828 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
829 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
830 2:00 EU EE%sT
831
832 # Croatia
833 # See Europe/Belgrade.
834
835 # Cyprus
836 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
837
838 # Czech Republic
839 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
840 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
841 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
842 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
843 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
844 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
845 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
846 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
847 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
848 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
849 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
850 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
851 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
852 1:00 EU CE%sT
853 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
854
855 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
856
857 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
858 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
859 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
860 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
861 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
862 #
863 # The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
864 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
865 #
866 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
867 # in subsequent decrees with the law
868 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
869 #
870 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
871 # not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
872 # changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
873 # 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
874 # the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
875 # when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
876 # confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
877 # The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
878 # working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
879 # was suspended on that night):
880 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL
881
882 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
883 # The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
884 # Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
885
886 # From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
887 # Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
888 # wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
889
890 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
891 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
892 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
893 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
894 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
895 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
896 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
897 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
898 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
899 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
900 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
901 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
902 #
903 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
904 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
905 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
906 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
907 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
908 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
909 1:00 EU CE%sT
910 Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Tórshavn
911 0:00 - WET 1981
912 0:00 EU WE%sT
913 #
914 # From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
915 # During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
916 # East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
917 # My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
918 #
919 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
920 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
921 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
922 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthåb
923 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
924 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
925
926 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-06), citing
927 # <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),
928 # and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
929 #
930 # Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
931 # is according to the following time line:
932 #
933 # The military zone near Thule UTC-4
934 # Standard Greenland time UTC-3
935 # Scoresbysund UTC-1
936 # Danmarkshavn UTC
937 #
938 # In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
939 # introduced.
940
941 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
942 #
943 # I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
944 # the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
945 # not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
946 # info from earlier correspondence.]
947 #
948 # According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
949 # Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
950 # savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
951 #
952 # The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
953 # uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
954 # There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
955 # Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
956 # email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
957 # Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
958 # DPC research station at Zackenberg.
959 #
960 # Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
961 # the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthåb).
962 #
963 # The rest of Greenland, including Godthåb (this area, although it
964 # includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
965 # UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
966 #
967 # It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
968 # North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
969 # maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
970 # this area is that it sticks with Godthåb time. This area might be
971 # considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
972
973 # From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
974 # I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
975 # there at 2:00 AM.
976
977 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
978 # From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
979 # the 1995 map as like Godthåb.
980 # For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthåb before 1996.
981 # startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
982 # so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
983 # For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
984 #
985 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
986 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
987 Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
988 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
989 Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
990 Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
991 Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
992 #
993 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
994 Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28
995 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
996 -3:00 EU WG%sT 1996
997 0:00 - GMT
998 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit
999 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1000 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1001 -1:00 EU EG%sT
1002 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1003 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1004 -3:00 EU WG%sT
1005 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base
1006 -4:00 Thule A%sT
1007
1008 # Estonia
1009 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
1010 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1011 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1012 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1013 #
1014 # From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
1015 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1016 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1017 # "I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1018 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1019 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1020 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1021 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1022 # summer time next spring."
1023
1024 # From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1025 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1026 # http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390
1027 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1028 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22-27, 120).
1029 #
1030 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1031 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1032 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1033
1034 # From The Baltic Times <http://www.baltictimes.com/> (1999-09-09)
1035 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1036 # This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
1037 # a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
1038 # But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
1039 # Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
1040 # for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
1041 # after that.
1042
1043 # From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
1044 # Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
1045 # no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
1046 # the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
1047
1048 # From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
1049 # The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
1050 # Now we are using again EU rules.
1051 #
1052 # From Urmet Jänes (2002-03-28):
1053 # The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
1054
1055 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1056 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1057 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1058 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1059 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1060 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1061 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1062 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1063 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1064 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1065 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1066 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
1067 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
1068 2:00 EU EE%sT
1069
1070 # Finland
1071
1072 # From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
1073 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1074 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1075
1076 # From Janne Snabb (2010-07-15):
1077 #
1078 # I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
1079 # During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
1080 # earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
1081 # according to the central European standards.
1082 #
1083 # This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
1084 # Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
1085 # Finnish) at
1086 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/aikakirja/Aikakirja2007kokonaan.pdf
1087 #
1088 # Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
1089 # transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
1090 #
1091 # This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
1092 # http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&g=1&ag=5&t=&a=3401
1093 #
1094 # The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
1095 # exist tonight."
1096
1097 # From Konstantin Hyppönen (2014-06-13):
1098 # [Heikki Oja's book Aikakirja 2013]
1099 # http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/images/aikakirja/Aikakirja2013kokonaan.pdf
1100 # pages 104-105, including a scan from a newspaper published on Apr 2 1942
1101 # say that ... [o]n Apr 2 1942, 24 o'clock (which means Apr 3 1942,
1102 # 00:00), clocks were moved one hour forward. The newspaper
1103 # mentions "on the night from Thursday to Friday"....
1104 # On Oct 4 1942, clocks were moved at 1:00 one hour backwards.
1105 #
1106 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-14):
1107 # Go with Oja over Shanks.
1108
1109 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1110 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 2 24:00 1:00 S
1111 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 4 1:00 0 -
1112 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
1113 Rule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1114
1115 # Milne says Helsinki (Helsingfors) time was 1:39:49.2 (official document);
1116 # round to nearest.
1117
1118 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1119 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:49 - LMT 1878 May 31
1120 1:39:49 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1121 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1983
1122 2:00 EU EE%sT
1123
1124 # Åland Is
1125 Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn
1126
1127
1128 # France
1129
1130 # From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
1131 #
1132 # Henri Le Corre, Régimes horaires pour le monde entier, Éditions
1133 # Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
1134 #
1135 # Gabriel, Traité de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Trédaniel,
1136 # Paris, 1991
1137 #
1138 # Françoise Gauquelin, Problèmes de l'heure résolus en astrologie,
1139 # Guy Trédaniel, Paris 1987
1140
1141
1142 #
1143 # Shank & Pottenger seem to use '24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
1144 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1145 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1146 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1147 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1148 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1149 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1150 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1151 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1152 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1153 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1154 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1155 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1156 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1157 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1158 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1159 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1160 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1161 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1162 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1163 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1164 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1165 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1166 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1167 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1168 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1169 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1170 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1171 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1172 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1173 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1174 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1175 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1176 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1177 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1178 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
1179 # write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
1180 # Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arnéguy, Orthez,
1181 # Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamothe-Montravel, Marœuil, La
1182 # Rochefoucauld, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
1183 # Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
1184 # Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalon-sur-Saône, Arbois,
1185 # Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
1186 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1187 # Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1188 # but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
1189 # who quotes the Ephémérides astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1190 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1191 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1192 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1193 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1194 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1195 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1196 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1197 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1198 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1199 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1200 # Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1201 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1202 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1203 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1204 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
1205 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1206 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1207 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1208 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1209 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1210 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
1211 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
1212 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1213 # Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
1214 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1215 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1216 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1217 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1218 1:00 EU CE%sT
1219
1220 # Germany
1221
1222 # From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
1223 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1224 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1225 # [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]
1226
1227 # From Jörg Schilling (2002-10-23):
1228 # In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
1229 # http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/
1230 # General [Nikolai] Bersarin.
1231
1232 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
1233 # http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf
1234 # says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
1235 # However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
1236 # this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
1237
1238
1239 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1240 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1241 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1242 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1243 # http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition
1244 # occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
1245 # Go with the PTB.
1246 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
1247 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1248 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1249 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1250 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1251
1252 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1253 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
1254 Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1255
1256 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1257 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1258 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
1259 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
1260 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1261 1:00 EU CE%sT
1262
1263 # From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
1264 # Büsingen <http://www.buesingen.de>, surrounded by the Swiss canton
1265 # Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
1266 # (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
1267 # DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
1268 # which in turn is covered by the zone Europe/Berlin.
1269 #
1270 # Source for the time in Büsingen 1980:
1271 # http://www.srf.ch/player/video?id=c012c029-03b7-4c2b-9164-aa5902cd58d3
1272
1273 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
1274 # Büsingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
1275
1276 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Busingen
1277
1278 # Georgia
1279 # Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.
1280 # Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
1281 # is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
1282
1283 # Gibraltar
1284 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1285 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s
1286 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1287 1:00 - CET 1982
1288 1:00 EU CE%sT
1289
1290 # Greece
1291 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1292 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1293 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1294 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1295 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1296 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1297 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1298 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1299 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1300 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1301 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1302 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1303 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1304 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1305 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1306 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1307 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1308 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1309 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1310 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1311 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1312 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1313 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1314 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1315 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1316 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1317 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1318 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1319 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1320 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1321 # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1322 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1323 2:00 EU EE%sT
1324
1325 # Hungary
1326 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-15):
1327 # Dates for 1916-1945 are taken from:
1328 # Oross A. Jelen a múlt jövője: a nyári időszámítás Magyarországon 1916-1945.
1329 # National Archives of Hungary (2012-10-29).
1330 # http://mnl.gov.hu/a_het_dokumentuma/a_nyari_idoszamitas_magyarorszagon_19161945.html
1331 # This source does not always give times, which are taken from Shanks
1332 # & Pottenger (which disagree about the dates).
1333 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1334 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1335 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1336 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1337 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Nov 24 3:00 0 -
1338 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1339 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1340 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1341 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1342 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1344 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1345 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1346 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1347 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1348 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1349 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1350 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1351 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1352 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1353 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1354 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1355 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 8
1356 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
1357 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1358 1:00 EU CE%sT
1359
1360 # Iceland
1361 #
1362 # From Adam David (1993-11-06):
1363 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1364 #
1365 # (1993-12-05):
1366 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1367 # Iceland Almanak.
1368 #
1369 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1370 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1371 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1372 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1373 #
1374 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1375 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1376 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1377 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1378 #
1379 # (1993-12-10):
1380 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1381 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1382 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1383 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1384 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1385 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1386 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1387 # might mean something else (???).
1388 #
1389 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1390 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
1391 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
1392 # that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1393 #
1394 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1395 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1396 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1397 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1398 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1399 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1400 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1401 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1402 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1403 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1404 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1405 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1406 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1407 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1408 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1409 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1410 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1411 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1412 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1413 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1414 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1415 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1416 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1417 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1418 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1419 0:00 - GMT
1420
1421 # Italy
1422 #
1423 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1424 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1425 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1426 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1427 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1428 # so record only the time in Rome.
1429 #
1430 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1431 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
1432 # F. Pollastri
1433 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
1434 # http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html
1435 # ('FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1436 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1437 #
1438 # year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1439 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1440 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1441 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1442 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1443 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1444 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1445 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1446 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1447 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1448 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1449 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1450 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1451 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1452 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1453 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1454 #
1455 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1456 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1457 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1458 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1459 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1460 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1461 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1462 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1463 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1464 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1465 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1466 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1467 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1468 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1469 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1470 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1471 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1472 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1473 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1474 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1475 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1476 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1477 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1478 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1479 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1480 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1481 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1482 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1483 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1484 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1485 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1486 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1487 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1488 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1489 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1490 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1491 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1492 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1493 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1494 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
1495 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1496 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1497 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1498 1:00 EU CE%sT
1499
1500 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1501 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1502
1503 # Latvia
1504
1505 # From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
1506
1507 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1508 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1509 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1510 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1511 #
1512 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1513 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1514 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1515 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1516 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1517 #
1518 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1519 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1520 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1521 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1522 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1523 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1524 #
1525 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1526 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1527 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1528 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1529 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1530 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1531 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1532 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1533 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1534 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1535 #
1536 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1537 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1538 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1539
1540 # From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
1541 # This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
1542 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
1543 # 29-Feb-2000 (#79) <http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm>,
1544 # in Latvian for subscribers only).
1545
1546 # From RFE/RL Newsline
1547 # http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html
1548 # (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
1549 # The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
1550 # institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
1551 # Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
1552 # clocks one hour in the spring....
1553 # Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvītis noted that Latvia had too few
1554 # daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
1555 # Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
1556 # time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
1557 # urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
1558 # appears that they will not do so....
1559
1560 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1561 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1562 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1563
1564 # Milne 1899 says Riga was 1:36:28 (Polytechnique House time).
1565 # Byalokoz 1919 says Latvia was 1:36:34.
1566 # Go with Byalokoz.
1567
1568 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1569 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:34 - LMT 1880
1570 1:36:34 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 # Riga MT
1571 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 # Latvian ST
1572 1:36:34 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1573 1:36:34 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1574 1:36:34 - RMT 1926 May 11
1575 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1576 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul
1577 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1578 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1579 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1580 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1581 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
1582 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
1583 2:00 EU EE%sT
1584
1585 # Liechtenstein
1586
1587 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-09):
1588 # Shanks & Pottenger say Vaduz is like Zurich.
1589
1590 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-18):
1591 # http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/LIJ/1978/1938-1978/1941.pdf
1592 # ... confirms on p. 6 that Liechtenstein followed Switzerland in 1941 and 1942.
1593 # I ... translate only the last two paragraphs:
1594 # ... during second world war, in the years 1941 and 1942, Liechtenstein
1595 # introduced daylight saving time, adapting to Switzerland. From 1943 on
1596 # central European time was in force throughout the year.
1597 # From a report of the duke's government to the high council,
1598 # regarding the introduction of a time law, of 31 May 1977.
1599
1600 Link Europe/Zurich Europe/Vaduz
1601
1602
1603 # Lithuania
1604
1605 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1606 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1607 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1608
1609 # From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
1610 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1611 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1612
1613 # From ELTA No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29) <http://www.elta.lt/>,
1614 # via Steffen Thorsen:
1615 # Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
1616 # to be valid here starting from October 31,
1617 # as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
1618 # The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
1619 # motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
1620 # already done by Estonia.
1621
1622 # From the Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
1623 # <http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm> (2000-03-27):
1624 # Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
1625
1626 # From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
1627 # As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
1628 # observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
1629 # down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its
1630 # neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
1631 # 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at
1632 # http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm
1633
1634
1635 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1636 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1637 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1638 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1639 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1640 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1641 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1642 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1643 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1644 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1645 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1646 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1647 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1648 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
1649 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
1650 2:00 EU EE%sT
1651
1652 # Luxembourg
1653 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
1654 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1655 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1656 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1657 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1658 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1659 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1660 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1661 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1662 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1663 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1664 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1665 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1666 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1667 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1668 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1669 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1670 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1671 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1672 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1673 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1674 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1675 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1676 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1677 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1678 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1679 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1680 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1681 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1682 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1683 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1684 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1685 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1686 1:00 EU CE%sT
1687
1688 # Macedonia
1689 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1690
1691 # Malta
1692 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1693 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1694 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1695 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1696 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1697 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1698 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1699 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1700 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1701 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta
1702 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1703 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1704 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1705 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1706 1:00 EU CE%sT
1707
1708 # Moldova
1709
1710 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1711 # A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
1712 # that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
1713 # However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
1714 # on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
1715 # In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
1716 # and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
1717 # But [two people] separately reported via
1718 # Jesper Nørgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
1719 # The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
1720 #
1721 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
1722 # Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
1723 # "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
1724 # to the Winter Time).
1725 #
1726 # News (in Russian):
1727 # http://www.kyivpost.ua/russia/news/pridnestrove-otkazalos-ot-perehoda-na-zimnee-vremya-30954.html
1728 # http://www.allmoldova.com/moldova-news/1249064116.html
1729 #
1730 # The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
1731 # is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
1732 #
1733 # From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
1734 # In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
1735 # a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
1736 #
1737 # (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
1738 #
1739 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
1740 # NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
1741 # As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
1742 # decision to abolish DST this winter.
1743 # Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
1744 # Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
1745 # News from Moldova (in russian):
1746 # http://ru.publika.md/link_317061.html
1747
1748
1749 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1750 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880
1751 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
1752 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
1753 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
1754 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
1755 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
1756 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
1757 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
1758 2:00 - EET 1991
1759 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
1760 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
1761 # See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
1762 2:00 EU EE%sT
1763
1764 # Monaco
1765 # Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
1766 # more precise 0:09:21.
1767 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1768 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1769 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1770 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1771 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1772 1:00 EU CE%sT
1773
1774 # Montenegro
1775 # See Europe/Belgrade.
1776
1777 # Netherlands
1778
1779 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1780 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1781
1782 # However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
1783 # Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
1784 # Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
1785 # the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
1786 # (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
1787 # common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
1788 # not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
1789 # On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
1790 # was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
1791 #
1792 # (2001-04-08):
1793 # 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
1794 # observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
1795 # practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
1796 #
1797 # (2001-04-09):
1798 # In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
1799 # municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
1800 # Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
1801 # actually followed.
1802 #
1803 # From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
1804 # observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
1805 # Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
1806 # places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
1807 # adopted Amsterdam mean time.
1808 #
1809 # Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
1810 # of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
1811 # was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
1812 # Amsterdam mean time.
1813
1814 # The data entries before 1945 are taken from
1815 # http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm
1816
1817 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1818 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1819 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1820 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1821 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1822 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1823 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
1824 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1825 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1826 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1827 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
1828 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1829 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
1830 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
1831 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1832 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1833 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1834 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1835 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1836 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1837 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1838 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1839 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1840 #
1841 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
1842 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
1843 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1844 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
1845 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
1846 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
1847 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1848 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1849 1:00 EU CE%sT
1850
1851 # Norway
1852 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
1853 # Pottenger.
1854 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1855 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1856 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1857 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1858 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1859 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1860 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1861 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1862 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1863 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1
1864 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1865 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1866 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1867 1:00 EU CE%sT
1868
1869 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1870
1871 # From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
1872 # Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
1873 # Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
1874 # time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
1875 # as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
1876 # Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
1877 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html> and
1878 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html>). The law/regulation
1879 # for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came
1880 # into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a
1881 # part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
1882 # <http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html>) I have not been
1883 # able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)
1884 # before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabited" since 1921 by
1885 # Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
1886 # since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since
1887 # before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
1888 # between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
1889
1890 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-04):
1891 #
1892 # Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
1893 # so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
1894 # keeping Berlin time.
1895 #
1896 # <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists
1897 # burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
1898 # 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
1899 # frequent air attacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
1900 # radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
1901 # the UT offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
1902 # Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
1903 #
1904 # Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
1905 # Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
1906 # <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ
1907 # <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were
1908 # expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
1909 # and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
1910 # http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html
1911 # the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
1912 # Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
1913 #
1914 # All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970, so use Europe/Oslo
1915 # for these regions.
1916 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1917
1918 # Poland
1919
1920 # The 1919 dates and times can be found in Tygodnik Urzędowy nr 1 (1919-03-20),
1921 # <http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/publication/32156> pp 1-2.
1922
1923 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1924 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1925 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1926 Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1927 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1928 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1929 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1930 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1931 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1932 # For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
1933 # Toruń Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
1934 # http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1
1935 # Thanks to Przemysław Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
1936 # He also gives these further references:
1937 # Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>
1938 # Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>
1939 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
1940 Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1941 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1942 Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1943 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1944 Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1945 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1946 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1947 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1948 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1949 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1950 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1951 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1952 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1953 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1954 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1955 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1956 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1957 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1958 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1959 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1960 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
1961 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
1962 1:00 EU CE%sT
1963
1964 # Portugal
1965 #
1966 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
1967 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
1968 # http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
1969 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
1970 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
1971 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
1972 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
1973 #
1974 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
1975 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1976 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1977 #
1978 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1979 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1980 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1981 #
1982 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1983 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1984 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1985 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1986 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1987 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1988 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1989 #
1990 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1991 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1992 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1993 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1994 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1995 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
1996 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1997 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1998 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1999 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
2000 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2001 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
2002 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
2003 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2004 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
2005 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2006 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2007 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2008 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2009 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2010 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2011 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2012 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2013 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
2014 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
2015 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2016 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2017 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
2018 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
2019 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
2020 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2021 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
2022 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
2023 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2024 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2025 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
2026 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
2027 # Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
2028 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
2029 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2030 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
2031 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2032 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
2033 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
2034 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
2035 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
2036 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2037 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2038 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2039 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2040 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2041 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2042 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2043 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2044 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2045 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2046 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2047 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2048 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2049 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2050 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2051 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2052 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2053 #
2054 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2055 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2056 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2057 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2058 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2059 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2060 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2061 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2062 0:00 EU WE%sT
2063 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2064 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2065 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
2066 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2067 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2068 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2069 -1:00 EU AZO%sT
2070 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2071 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2072 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
2073 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2074 0:00 EU WE%sT
2075
2076 # Romania
2077 #
2078 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2079 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2080 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2081 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2082 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2083 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2084 #
2085 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2086 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
2087 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
2088 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
2089 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
2090 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
2091 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
2092 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2093 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2094 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2095 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2096 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2097 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2098 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2099 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2100 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2101 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
2102 2:00 EU EE%sT
2103
2104
2105 # Russia
2106
2107 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
2108 # Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
2109 # (Government document
2110 # http://www.government.ru/gov/results/16355/print/
2111 # in Russian)
2112 # there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
2113 # All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
2114 # by WorldTimeZone.com at the link below:
2115 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia36.htm
2116
2117 # From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
2118 # Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
2119 # http://government.consultant.ru/page.aspx?1223966
2120 # They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
2121
2122 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2123 # Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
2124 # changed in September 2011:
2125 #
2126 # One source is
2127 # http://government.ru/gov/results/16355/
2128 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Decree of August 31,
2129 # 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
2130 #
2131 # Another source is
2132 # http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/06/chas-zona-dok.html
2133 # which, according to translate.google.com, begins "Resolution of the
2134 # Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
2135 # contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
2136 # in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
2137 # does not contain any "effective date" information.
2138 #
2139 # Another source is
2140 # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oymyakonsky_District#cite_note-RuTime-7
2141 # which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
2142 # Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2143 # but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
2144 #
2145 # The Wikipedia article refers to
2146 # http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=LAW;n=118896
2147 # which seems to copy the text of the government.ru page.
2148 #
2149 # Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
2150 # "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
2151 # with www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to
2152 # get September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias
2153 # Conradi notes).
2154 #
2155 # None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
2156 #
2157 # Go with 2011-09-13 0:00s.
2158
2159 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-01):
2160 # According to the Russian news (ITAR-TASS News Agency)
2161 # http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/738562
2162 # the State Duma has approved ... the draft bill on returning to
2163 # winter time standard and return Russia 11 time zones. The new
2164 # regulations will come into effect on October 26, 2014 at 02:00 ...
2165 # http://asozd2.duma.gov.ru/main.nsf/%28Spravka%29?OpenAgent&RN=431985-6&02
2166 # Here is a link where we put together table (based on approved Bill N
2167 # 431985-6) with proposed 11 Russian time zones and corresponding
2168 # areas/cities/administrative centers in the Russian Federation (in English):
2169 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia65.html
2170 #
2171 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-22):
2172 # Putin signed the Federal Law 431985-6 ... (in Russian)
2173 # http://itar-tass.com/obschestvo/1333711
2174 # http://www.pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?111660
2175 # http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/46279
2176 # From October 26, 2014 the new Russian time zone map will looks like this:
2177 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia-map-2014-07.html
2178
2179 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2180 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
2181 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2182 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
2183 # except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
2184 # 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
2185 #
2186 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
2187 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2188 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2189 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2190 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2191 #
2192 # From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
2193 # 'MSK' and 'MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2194 # UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2195 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2196 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2197 #
2198 # From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
2199 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2200 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2201 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2202 #
2203 # For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
2204 # John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
2205 # News - often false - is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
2206 # time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
2207 # the rest of Russia for two weeks - even soldiers stationed here began
2208 # enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
2209 #
2210 # From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
2211 # There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
2212 # UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
2213 # SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
2214 # until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
2215 # since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
2216 # administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
2217 # remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
2218
2219 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2220 # The comments detailing the coverage of each Russian zone are meant to assist
2221 # with maintenance only and represent our best guesses as to which regions
2222 # are covered by each zone. They are not meant to be taken as an authoritative
2223 # listing. The region codes listed come from
2224 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Federal_subjects_of_Russia&oldid=611810498
2225 # and are used for convenience only; no guarantees are made regarding their
2226 # future stability. ISO 3166-2:RU codes are also listed for first-level
2227 # divisions where available.
2228
2229 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2230
2231
2232 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2233 # Europe/Kaliningrad covers...
2234 # 39 RU-KGD Kaliningrad Oblast
2235
2236 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2237 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2238 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
2239 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2240 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2241 3:00 - FET 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2242 2:00 - EET
2243
2244
2245 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2246 # Europe/Moscow covers...
2247 # 01 RU-AD Adygea, Republic of
2248 # 05 RU-DA Dagestan, Republic of
2249 # 06 RU-IN Ingushetia, Republic of
2250 # 07 RU-KB Kabardino-Balkar Republic
2251 # 08 RU-KL Kalmykia, Republic of
2252 # 09 RU-KC Karachay-Cherkess Republic
2253 # 10 RU-KR Karelia, Republic of
2254 # 11 RU-KO Komi Republic
2255 # 12 RU-ME Mari El Republic
2256 # 13 RU-MO Mordovia, Republic of
2257 # 15 RU-SE North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of
2258 # 16 RU-TA Tatarstan, Republic of
2259 # 20 RU-CE Chechen Republic
2260 # 21 RU-CU Chuvash Republic
2261 # 23 RU-KDA Krasnodar Krai
2262 # 26 RU-STA Stavropol Krai
2263 # 29 RU-ARK Arkhangelsk Oblast
2264 # 31 RU-BEL Belgorod Oblast
2265 # 32 RU-BRY Bryansk Oblast
2266 # 33 RU-VLA Vladimir Oblast
2267 # 35 RU-VLG Vologda Oblast
2268 # 36 RU-VOR Voronezh Oblast
2269 # 37 RU-IVA Ivanovo Oblast
2270 # 40 RU-KLU Kaluga Oblast
2271 # 44 RU-KOS Kostroma Oblast
2272 # 46 RU-KRS Kursk Oblast
2273 # 47 RU-LEN Leningrad Oblast
2274 # 48 RU-LIP Lipetsk Oblast
2275 # 50 RU-MOS Moscow Oblast
2276 # 51 RU-MUR Murmansk Oblast
2277 # 52 RU-NIZ Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
2278 # 53 RU-NGR Novgorod Oblast
2279 # 57 RU-ORL Oryol Oblast
2280 # 58 RU-PNZ Penza Oblast
2281 # 60 RU-PSK Pskov Oblast
2282 # 61 RU-ROS Rostov Oblast
2283 # 62 RU-RYA Ryazan Oblast
2284 # 67 RU-SMO Smolensk Oblast
2285 # 68 RU-TAM Tambov Oblast
2286 # 69 RU-TVE Tver Oblast
2287 # 71 RU-TUL Tula Oblast
2288 # 73 RU-ULY Ulyanovsk Oblast
2289 # 76 RU-YAR Yaroslavl Oblast
2290 # 77 RU-MOW Moscow
2291 # 78 RU-SPE Saint Petersburg
2292 # 83 RU-NEN Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2293
2294 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2295 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2296 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2297 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2298 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2299 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2300 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2301 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2302 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2303 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2304 # 2:31:19 ...
2305 #
2306 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2307 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2308 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2309 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2310 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2311
2312 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2313 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2314 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2315 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2316 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2317 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2318 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2319 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2320 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2321 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2322 3:00 - MSK
2323
2324
2325 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2326 # Europe/Simferopol covers...
2327 # ** **** Crimea, Republic of
2328 # ** **** Sevastopol
2329
2330 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2331 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
2332 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2333 3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov
2334 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
2335 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
2336 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
2337 2:00 - EET 1992
2338 # Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
2339 #
2340 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
2341 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
2342 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2343 # Shanks (1999) says "date of change uncertain", but implies that it happened
2344 # sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
2345 # 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
2346 # changed in May.
2347 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
2348 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2349 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s
2350 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
2351 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2352 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2353 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997
2354 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2355 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-03-17):
2356 # time change at 2:00 (2am) on March 30, 2014
2357 # http://vz.ru/news/2014/3/17/677464.html
2358 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-30):
2359 # Simferopol and Sevastopol reportedly changed their central town clocks
2360 # late the previous day, but this appears to have been ceremonial
2361 # and the discrepancies are small enough to not worry about.
2362 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 2:00
2363 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2364 3:00 - MSK
2365
2366
2367 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2368 # Europe/Volgograd covers...
2369 # 30 RU-AST Astrakhan Oblast
2370 # 34 RU-VGG Volgograd Oblast
2371 # 43 RU-KIR Kirov Oblast
2372 # 64 RU-SAR Saratov Oblast
2373
2374 # From Paul Eggert (2006-05-09):
2375 # Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400 but Wikipedia says +0300.
2376 # Perhaps it switched after the others? But we have no data.
2377
2378 Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3
2379 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
2380 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
2381 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
2382 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
2383 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2384 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
2385 3:00 Russia MSK 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2386 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2387 3:00 - MSK
2388
2389
2390 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2391 # Europe/Samara covers...
2392 # 18 RU-UD Udmurt Republic
2393 # 63 RU-SAM Samara Oblast
2394
2395 # Byalokoz 1919 says Samara was 3:20:20.
2396
2397 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:20 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2398 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
2399 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
2400 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
2401 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2402 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2403 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2404 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
2405 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2406 4:00 - SAMT
2407
2408
2409 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2410 # Asia/Yekaterinburg covers...
2411 # 02 RU-BA Bashkortostan, Republic of
2412 # 90 RU-PER Perm Krai
2413 # 45 RU-KGN Kurgan Oblast
2414 # 56 RU-ORE Orenburg Oblast
2415 # 66 RU-SVE Sverdlovsk Oblast
2416 # 72 RU-TYU Tyumen Oblast
2417 # 74 RU-CHE Chelyabinsk Oblast
2418 # 86 RU-KHM Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
2419 # 89 RU-YAN Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
2420 #
2421 # Note: Effective 2005-12-01, (59) Perm Oblast and (81) Komi-Permyak
2422 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (90, RU-PER) Perm Krai.
2423
2424 # Milne says Yekaterinburg was 4:02:32.9; round to nearest.
2425 # Byalokoz 1919 says its provincial time was based on Perm, at 3:45:05.
2426 # Assume it switched on 1916-07-03, the time of the new standard.
2427 # The 1919 and 1930 transitions are from Shanks.
2428
2429 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:33 - LMT 1916 Jul 3
2430 3:45:05 - PMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00
2431 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
2432 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2433 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2434 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2435 6:00 - YEKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2436 5:00 - YEKT
2437
2438
2439 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2440 # Asia/Omsk covers...
2441 # 04 RU-AL Altai Republic
2442 # 22 RU-ALT Altai Krai
2443 # 55 RU-OMS Omsk Oblast
2444
2445 # Byalokoz 1919 says Omsk was 4:53:30.
2446
2447 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:30 - LMT 1919 Nov 14
2448 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk Time
2449 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2450 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2451 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2452 7:00 - OMST 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2453 6:00 - OMST
2454
2455
2456 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2457 # Asia/Novosibirsk covers...
2458 # 54 RU-NVS Novosibirsk Oblast
2459 # 70 RU-TOM Tomsk Oblast
2460
2461 # From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
2462 # not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
2463
2464 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00
2465 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
2466 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2467 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2468 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
2469 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2470 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2471 6:00 - NOVT
2472
2473
2474 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2475 # Asia/Novokuznetsk covers...
2476 # 42 RU-KEM Kemerovo Oblast
2477
2478 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
2479 # Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
2480 # March 28, 2010:
2481 # from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
2482 # to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
2483 #
2484 # This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
2485 # 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
2486 # time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
2487 #
2488 # Russian Government web site (Russian language)
2489 # http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm
2490 # or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference
2491 # map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
2492 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html
2493 #
2494 # Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
2495 # Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
2496 #
2497 # As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
2498 # Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
2499
2500 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2501 # The Kemerovo region will remain at UTC+7 through the 2014-10-26 change, thus
2502 # realigning itself with KRAT.
2503
2504 Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6
2505 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2506 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2507 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2508 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2509 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s # Novosibirsk
2510 7:00 - NOVT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2511 7:00 - KRAT # Krasnoyarsk Time
2512
2513
2514 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2515 # Asia/Krasnoyarsk covers...
2516 # 17 RU-TY Tuva Republic
2517 # 19 RU-KK Khakassia, Republic of
2518 # 24 RU-KYA Krasnoyarsk Krai
2519 #
2520 # Note: Effective 2007-01-01, (88) Evenk Autonomous Okrug and (84) Taymyr
2521 # Autonomous Okrug were merged into (24, RU-KYA) Krasnoyarsk Krai.
2522
2523 # Byalokoz 1919 says Krasnoyarsk was 6:11:26.
2524
2525 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:26 - LMT 1920 Jan 6
2526 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
2527 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2528 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2529 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2530 8:00 - KRAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2531 7:00 - KRAT
2532
2533
2534 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2535 # Asia/Irkutsk covers...
2536 # 03 RU-BU Buryatia, Republic of
2537 # 38 RU-IRK Irkutsk Oblast
2538 #
2539 # Note: Effective 2008-01-01, (85) Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug was
2540 # merged into (38, RU-IRK) Irkutsk Oblast.
2541
2542 # Milne 1899 says Irkutsk was 6:57:15.
2543 # Byalokoz 1919 says Irkutsk was 6:57:05.
2544 # Go with Byalokoz.
2545
2546 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:05 - LMT 1880
2547 6:57:05 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2548 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
2549 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2550 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2551 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2552 9:00 - IRKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2553 8:00 - IRKT
2554
2555
2556 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2557 # Asia/Chita covers...
2558 # 92 RU-ZAB Zabaykalsky Krai
2559 #
2560 # Note: Effective 2008-03-01, (75) Chita Oblast and (80) Agin-Buryat
2561 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (92, RU-ZAB) Zabaykalsky Krai.
2562
2563 Zone Asia/Chita 7:33:52 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2564 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2565 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2566 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2567 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2568 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2569 8:00 - IRKT
2570
2571
2572 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2573 # Asia/Yakutsk covers...
2574 # 28 RU-AMU Amur Oblast
2575 #
2576 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2577 # 14-02 **** Aldansky District
2578 # 14-04 **** Amginsky District
2579 # 14-05 **** Anabarsky District
2580 # 14-06 **** Bulunsky District
2581 # 14-07 **** Verkhnevilyuysky District
2582 # 14-10 **** Vilyuysky District
2583 # 14-11 **** Gorny District
2584 # 14-12 **** Zhigansky District
2585 # 14-13 **** Kobyaysky District
2586 # 14-14 **** Lensky District
2587 # 14-15 **** Megino-Kangalassky District
2588 # 14-16 **** Mirninsky District
2589 # 14-18 **** Namsky District
2590 # 14-19 **** Neryungrinsky District
2591 # 14-21 **** Nyurbinsky District
2592 # 14-23 **** Olenyoksky District
2593 # 14-24 **** Olyokminsky District
2594 # 14-26 **** Suntarsky District
2595 # 14-27 **** Tattinsky District
2596 # 14-29 **** Ust-Aldansky District
2597 # 14-32 **** Khangalassky District
2598 # 14-33 **** Churapchinsky District
2599 # 14-34 **** Eveno-Bytantaysky National District
2600
2601 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2602 # Our commentary seems to have lost mention of (14-19) Neryungrinsky District.
2603 # Since the surrounding districts of Sakha are all YAKT, assume this is, too.
2604 # Also assume its history has been the same as the rest of Asia/Yakutsk.
2605
2606 # Byalokoz 1919 says Yakutsk was 8:38:58.
2607
2608 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:58 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2609 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2610 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2611 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2612 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2613 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2614 9:00 - YAKT
2615
2616
2617 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2618 # Asia/Vladivostok covers...
2619 # 25 RU-PRI Primorsky Krai
2620 # 27 RU-KHA Khabarovsk Krai
2621 # 79 RU-YEV Jewish Autonomous Oblast
2622 #
2623 # ...and parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2624 # 14-09 **** Verkhoyansky District
2625 # 14-31 **** Ust-Yansky District
2626
2627 # Milne 1899 says Vladivostok was 8:47:33.5.
2628 # Byalokoz 1919 says Vladivostok was 8:47:31.
2629 # Go with Byalokoz.
2630
2631 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:31 - LMT 1922 Nov 15
2632 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
2633 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2634 9:00 Russia VLA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2635 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2636 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2637 10:00 - VLAT
2638
2639
2640 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2641 # Asia/Khandyga covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2642 # 14-28 **** Tomponsky District
2643 # 14-30 **** Ust-Maysky District
2644
2645 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2646 # Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
2647 # in 2011.
2648
2649 # From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
2650 # Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
2651 # Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
2652 # This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
2653
2654 Zone Asia/Khandyga 9:02:13 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2655 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2656 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2657 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2658 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2004
2659 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2660 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2661 10:00 - YAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2662 9:00 - YAKT
2663
2664
2665 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2666 # Asia/Sakhalin covers...
2667 # 65 RU-SAK Sakhalin Oblast
2668 # ...with the exception of:
2669 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2670
2671 # The Zone name should be Asia/Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
2672 Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23
2673 9:00 - JCST 1937 Oct 1
2674 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
2675 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T
2676 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2677 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
2678 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2679 11:00 - SAKT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2680 10:00 - SAKT
2681
2682
2683 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2684 # Asia/Magadan covers...
2685 # 49 RU-MAG Magadan Oblast
2686
2687 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2688 # Magadan Oblast is moving from UTC+12 to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26; however,
2689 # several districts of Sakha Republic as well as Severo-Kurilsky District of
2690 # the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands), represented
2691 # until now by Asia/Magadan, will instead move to UTC+11. These regions will
2692 # need their own zone.
2693
2694 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2695 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2696 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2697 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2698 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2699 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2700 10:00 - MAGT
2701
2702
2703 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2704 # Asia/Srednekolymsk covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2705 # 14-01 **** Abyysky District
2706 # 14-03 **** Allaikhovsky District
2707 # 14-08 **** Verkhnekolymsky District
2708 # 14-17 **** Momsky District
2709 # 14-20 **** Nizhnekolymsky District
2710 # 14-25 **** Srednekolymsky District
2711 #
2712 # ...and parts of (65, RU-SAK) Sakhalin Oblast:
2713 # 65-11 **** Severo-Kurilsky District (North Kuril Islands)
2714
2715 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-02):
2716 # Oymyakonsky District of Sakha Republic (represented by Ust-Nera), along with
2717 # most of Sakhalin Oblast (represented by Sakhalin) will be moving to UTC+10 on
2718 # 2014-10-26 to stay aligned with VLAT/SAKT; however, Severo-Kurilsky District
2719 # of the Sakhalin Oblast (also known as the North Kuril Islands, represented by
2720 # Severo-Kurilsk) will remain on UTC+11.
2721
2722 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06):
2723 # Assume North Kuril Islands have history like Magadan before 2011-03-27.
2724 # There is a decent chance this is wrong, in which case a new zone
2725 # Asia/Severo-Kurilsk would become necessary.
2726 #
2727 # Srednekolymsk and Zyryanka are the most populous places amongst these
2728 # districts, but have very similar populations. In fact, Wikipedia currently
2729 # lists them both as having 3528 people, exactly 1668 males and 1860 females
2730 # each! (Yikes!)
2731 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Srednekolymsky_District&oldid=603435276
2732 # http://en.wikipedia.org/w/?title=Verkhnekolymsky_District&oldid=594378493
2733 # Assume this is a mistake, albeit an amusing one.
2734 #
2735 # Looking at censuses, the populations of the two municipalities seem to have
2736 # fluctuated recently. Zyryanka was more populous than Srednekolymsk in the
2737 # 1989 and 2002 censuses, but Srednekolymsk was more populous in the most
2738 # recent (2010) census, 3525 to 3170. (See pages 195 and 197 of
2739 # http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf
2740 # in Russian.) In addition, Srednekolymsk appears to be a much older
2741 # settlement and the population of Zyryanka seems to be declining.
2742 # Go with Srednekolymsk.
2743 #
2744 # Since Magadan Oblast moves to UTC+10 on 2014-10-26, we cannot keep using MAGT
2745 # as the abbreviation. Use SRET instead.
2746
2747 Zone Asia/Srednekolymsk 10:14:52 - LMT 1924 May 2
2748 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
2749 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2750 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2751 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2752 12:00 - MAGT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2753 11:00 - SRET # Srednekolymsk Time
2754
2755
2756 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2757 # Asia/Ust-Nera covers parts of (14, RU-SA) Sakha (Yakutia) Republic:
2758 # 14-22 **** Oymyakonsky District
2759
2760 # From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
2761 # Ojmyakonskij [and the Kuril Islands] switched from
2762 # Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
2763 #
2764 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-06), per Alexander Krivenyshev (2014-07-02):
2765 # It's unlikely that any of the Kuril Islands were involved in such a switch,
2766 # as the South and Middle Kurils have been on UTC+11 (SAKT) with the rest of
2767 # Sakhalin Oblast since at least 2011-09, and the North Kurils have been on
2768 # UTC+12 since at least then, too.
2769
2770 Zone Asia/Ust-Nera 9:32:54 - LMT 1919 Dec 15
2771 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
2772 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
2773 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2774 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2775 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2776 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
2777 11:00 - VLAT 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2778 10:00 - VLAT
2779
2780
2781 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03), per Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25):
2782 # Asia/Kamchatka covers...
2783 # 91 RU-KAM Kamchatka Krai
2784 #
2785 # Note: Effective 2007-07-01, (41) Kamchatka Oblast and (82) Koryak
2786 # Autonomous Okrug merged to form (91, RU-KAM) Kamchatka Krai.
2787
2788 # The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski or perhaps
2789 # Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, but these are too long.
2790 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10
2791 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
2792 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2793 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2794 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2795 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2796 12:00 - PETT
2797
2798
2799 # From Tim Parenti (2014-07-03):
2800 # Asia/Anadyr covers...
2801 # 87 RU-CHU Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
2802
2803 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2804 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
2805 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
2806 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2807 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2808 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
2809 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2810 12:00 - ANAT
2811
2812
2813 # San Marino
2814 # See Europe/Rome.
2815
2816 # Serbia
2817 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2818 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2819 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2820 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2821 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
2822 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2823 # Metod Koželj reports that the legal date of
2824 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2825 # Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Koželj.
2826 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2827 1:00 EU CE%sT
2828 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2829 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro
2830 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2831 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2832 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2833
2834 # Slovakia
2835 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2836
2837 # Slovenia
2838 # See Europe/Belgrade.
2839
2840 # Spain
2841 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2842 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
2843 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2844 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2845 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2846 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2847 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2848 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2849 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2850 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2851 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2852 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2853 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2854 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2855 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2856 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2857 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2858 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
2859 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2860 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2861 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2862 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2863 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2864 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2865 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2866 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2867 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2868 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2869 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2870 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2871 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2872 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2873 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2874 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2875 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2876 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2877 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2878 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2879 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2880 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2881 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2882 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2883 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2884 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2885 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2886 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2887 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2888 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2889 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2890 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2891 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2892 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s
2893 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2894 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2895 1:00 EU CE%sT
2896 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2897 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2898 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2899 0:00 - WET 1924
2900 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2901 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2902 1:00 - CET 1986
2903 1:00 EU CE%sT
2904 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2905 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries T
2906 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2907 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2908 0:00 EU WE%sT
2909 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2910 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2911
2912 # Sweden
2913
2914 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
2915 #
2916 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
2917 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
2918 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
2919 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
2920 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
2921 #
2922 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
2923 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
2924 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
2925 #
2926 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
2927 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
2928 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
2929 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
2930 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
2931 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
2932 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
2933 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
2934 #
2935 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
2936 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
2937 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
2938 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
2939 #
2940 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
2941 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
2942 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
2943 # in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type
2944 # "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
2945 # the Sök-button).
2946 #
2947 # (2001-05-13):
2948 #
2949 # I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
2950 # summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
2951 # 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
2952 # people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
2953 # at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
2954 # hour before the event took place.
2955 #
2956 # Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
2957
2958 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2959 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1
2960 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
2961 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
2962 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 1:00
2963 1:00 - CET 1980
2964 1:00 EU CE%sT
2965
2966 # Switzerland
2967 # From Howse:
2968 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2969 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2970 # mean time in preference to apparent time - Geneva from 1780 ....
2971 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2972 # From Whitman (who writes "Midnight?"):
2973 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2974 # Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2975 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
2976 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2977 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2978
2979 # From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
2980 # I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
2981 #
2982 # As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
2983 # to be wrong. This is now verified.
2984 #
2985 # I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
2986 # government, in 'Eidgenössische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
2987 # federal law collection)...
2988 #
2989 # DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
2990 # DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
2991 #
2992 # DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
2993 # DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
2994 #
2995 # There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
2996 # It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
2997 # collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
2998 # other years are made.
2999 #
3000 # Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
3001 # about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
3002 # night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
3003 # a thing had happened in Switzerland.
3004 #
3005 # I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traité de
3006 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3007 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3008 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3009 #
3010 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3011 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3012 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3013 #
3014 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3015 #
3016 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3017 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3018 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3019 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3020 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3021 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3022 #
3023 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3024 # The Federal regulations say
3025 # http://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3026 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3027 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3028
3029 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3030 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3031 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3032 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3033 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3034 # hour before the beginning of service.
3035
3036 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3037 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3038 #
3039 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3040 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3041 #
3042 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3043 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3044 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3045 #
3046 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
3047 # agree about civil time during the transition. The timekeeping it gives the
3048 # most detail for is postal and telegraph time: here, federal legislation (the
3049 # "Bundesgesetz über die Erstellung von elektrischen Telegraphen") passed on
3050 # 1851-11-23, and an official implementation notice was published 1853-07-16
3051 # (Bundesblatt 1853, Bd. II, S. 859). On p 72 Messerli writes that in
3052 # practice since July 1853 Bernese time was used in "all postal and telegraph
3053 # offices in Switzerland from Geneva to St. Gallen and Basel to Chiasso"
3054 # (Google translation). For now, model this transition as occurring on
3055 # 1853-07-16, though it probably occurred at some other date in Zurich, and
3056 # legal civil time probably changed at still some other transition date.
3057
3058 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3059 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3060 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3061 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3062 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1853 Jul 16 # See above comment.
3063 0:29:46 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
3064 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
3065 1:00 EU CE%sT
3066
3067 # Turkey
3068
3069 # From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
3070 # The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
3071 # ... The latest rules are available at:
3072 # http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107
3073 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
3074 # I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
3075 # DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
3076 # what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
3077 # http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm
3078 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT
3079 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM
3080 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016
3081 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021
3082 # http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027
3083 # From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
3084 # Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
3085
3086 # From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
3087 # Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
3088 # start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
3089 # http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp
3090 # The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
3091 # http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm
3092 # I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
3093 # (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3094 # http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm
3095
3096 # From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3097 # According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3098 # time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00 a.m. instead of March 27.
3099 # This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
3100 # http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=70872
3101 # Turkish:
3102 # http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/17230464.asp?gid=373
3103
3104 # From Faruk Pasin (2014-02-14):
3105 # The DST for Turkey has been changed for this year because of the
3106 # Turkish Local election....
3107 # http://www.sabah.com.tr/Ekonomi/2014/02/12/yaz-saatinde-onemli-degisiklik
3108 # ... so Turkey will move clocks forward one hour on March 31 at 3:00 a.m.
3109 # From Randal L. Schwartz (2014-04-15):
3110 # Having landed on a flight from the states to Istanbul (via AMS) on March 31,
3111 # I can tell you that NOBODY (even the airlines) respected this timezone DST
3112 # change delay. Maybe the word just didn't get out in time.
3113 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-15):
3114 # The press reported massive confusion, as election officials obeyed the rule
3115 # change but cell phones (and airline baggage systems) did not. See:
3116 # Kostidis M. Eventful elections in Turkey. Balkan News Agency
3117 # http://www.balkaneu.com/eventful-elections-turkey/ 2014-03-30.
3118 # I guess the best we can do is document the official time.
3119
3120 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
3121 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3122 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3123 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
3124 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
3125 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
3126 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
3127 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
3128 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3129 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
3130 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3131 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
3132 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3133 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
3134 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
3135 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
3136 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
3137 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
3138 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
3139 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
3140 # go with Shanks & Pottenger.
3141 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
3142 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
3143 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3144 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3145 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3146 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
3147 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3148 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
3149 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
3150 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
3151 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3152 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
3153 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
3154 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
3155 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
3156 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
3157 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
3158 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
3159 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
3160 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
3161 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
3162 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
3163 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
3164 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
3165 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
3166 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
3167 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
3168 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
3169 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
3170 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
3171 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
3172 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
3173 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
3174 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
3175 Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
3176 Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
3177 Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3178 Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
3179 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3180 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
3181 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
3182 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
3183 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
3184 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3185 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3186 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
3187 2:00 EU EE%sT 2014 Mar 30 1:00u
3188 2:00 - EET 2014 Mar 31 1:00u
3189 2:00 EU EE%sT
3190 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
3191
3192 # Ukraine
3193 #
3194 # From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice,
3195 # via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
3196 # BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's government
3197 # regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
3198 # "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
3199 # of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
3200 # October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
3201
3202 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
3203 # On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
3204 # abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
3205 #
3206 # Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
3207 # approval from 266 deputies.
3208 #
3209 # Ukraine abolishes transfer back to the winter time (in Russian)
3210 # http://news.mail.ru/politics/6861560/
3211 #
3212 # The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
3213 # http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14290482.html
3214 #
3215 # Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
3216 # http://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2011/09/20/6600616/
3217 #
3218 # From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
3219 # Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
3220 # Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
3221 # time this year after all.
3222 #
3223 # From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
3224 # As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukrainian time zone
3225 # (Europe/Kiev) to introduce permanent daylight saving time (similar
3226 # to Russia) was reverted today:
3227 # http://portal.rada.gov.ua/rada/control/en/publish/article/info_left?art_id=287324&cat_id=105995
3228 #
3229 # Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
3230 # The law documents themselves are at
3231 # http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb_n/webproc4_1?id=&pf3511=41484
3232
3233 # From Vladimir in Moscow via Alois Treindl re Kiev time 1991/2 (2014-02-28):
3234 # First in Ukraine they changed Time zone from UTC+3 to UTC+2 with DST:
3235 # 03 25 1990 02:00 -03.00 1 Time Zone 3 with DST
3236 # 07 01 1990 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3237 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 18.06.1990, No. 134.
3238 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/T001500.html
3239 #
3240 # They did not end DST in September, 1990 (according to the law,
3241 # "summer time" was still in action):
3242 # 09 30 1990 03:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3243 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 21.09.1990, No. 272.
3244 # http://search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/KP900272.html
3245 #
3246 # Again no change in March, 1991 ("summer time" in action):
3247 # 03 31 1991 02:00 -02.00 1 Time Zone 2 with DST
3248 #
3249 # DST ended in September 1991 ("summer time" ended):
3250 # 09 29 1991 03:00 -02.00 0 Time Zone 2, no DST
3251 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 25.09.1991, No. 225.
3252 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_21/pg_iwgdoc.htm
3253 # This is an answer.
3254 #
3255 # Since 1992 they had normal DST procedure:
3256 # 03 29 1992 02:00 -02.00 1 DST started
3257 # 09 27 1992 03:00 -02.00 0 DST ended
3258 # * Ukrainian Government's Resolution of 20.03.1992, No. 139.
3259 # http://www.uazakon.com/documents/date_8u/pg_grcasa.htm
3260
3261 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
3262 # Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
3263 # "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3264 # "Kiev" is more common in English.
3265 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
3266 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
3267 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3268 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
3269 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
3270 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3271 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 3:00
3272 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3273 2:00 EU EE%sT
3274 # Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
3275 # "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Rusyn/Ukrainian pronunciation, but
3276 # "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
3277 Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct
3278 1:00 - CET 1940
3279 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
3280 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
3281 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
3282 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990
3283 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
3284 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
3285 2:00 - EET 1992
3286 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3287 2:00 EU EE%sT
3288 # Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
3289 # "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
3290 # "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
3291 # spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
3292 # portable Posix file names.
3293 Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880
3294 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
3295 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
3296 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
3297 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
3298 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00
3299 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
3300 2:00 EU EE%sT
3301
3302 # Vatican City
3303 # See Europe/Rome.
3304
3305 ###############################################################################
3306
3307 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
3308 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
3309 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
3310 #
3311 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
3312 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
3313 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
3314 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
3315 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
3316 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
3317
3318 # ...
3319 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
3320 # From: Tom Hofmann
3321 # ...
3322 #
3323 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
3324 # most European countries started DST. Before that year, only
3325 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
3326 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
3327 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
3328 # years...
3329 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
3330 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
3331 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
3332 # lastSun' in 1981 - I don't know how they handle now.
3333 #
3334 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
3335 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
3336 #
3337 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
3338 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
3339 # ...
3340
3341 # ...
3342 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
3343 # From: Dik T. Winter
3344 # ...
3345 #
3346 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
3347 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
3348 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
3349 #
3350 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
3351 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
3352 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
3353 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
3354 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
3355 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
3356 # dates...
3357 #
3358 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
3359 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
3360 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
3361 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
3362 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
3363 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
3364 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
3365 # in advance of normal time.
3366 #
3367 # ...
3368 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
3369 # ...
3370
3371 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
3372 # ...
3373 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
3374 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
3375 # ...
3376 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
3377 # ...