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5722 Update timezone info db to 2015a
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--- old/usr/src/cmd/zic/australasia
+++ new/usr/src/cmd/zic/australasia
1 1 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
2 2 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
3 3
4 4 # This file also includes Pacific islands.
5 5
6 6 # Notes are at the end of this file
7 7
8 8 ###############################################################################
9 9
10 10 # Australia
11 11
12 12 # Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
13 13
14 14 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
15 15 Rule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 D
16 16 Rule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 S
17 17 Rule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 D
18 18 Rule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 S
19 19 Rule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 D
20 20 Rule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
21 21 Rule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 D
22 22 # Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
23 23 # says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
24 24 # 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
25 25
26 26 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
27 27 # Northern Territory
28 28 Zone Australia/Darwin 8:43:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
29 29 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
30 30 9:30 Aus AC%sT
31 31 # Western Australia
32 32 #
33 33 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
34 34 Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
35 35 Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
36 36 Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
37 37 Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
38 38 Rule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 D
39 39 Rule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
40 40 Rule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 D
41 41 Rule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
42 42 Rule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
43 43 Zone Australia/Perth 7:43:24 - LMT 1895 Dec
44 44 8:00 Aus AW%sT 1943 Jul
45 45 8:00 AW AW%sT
46 46 Zone Australia/Eucla 8:35:28 - LMT 1895 Dec
47 47 8:45 Aus ACW%sT 1943 Jul
48 48 8:45 AW ACW%sT
49 49
50 50 # Queensland
51 51 #
52 52 # From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
53 53 # I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
54 54 # of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
55 55 # Queensland ceased to.
56 56 #
57 57 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
58 58 # IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
59 59 # Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
60 60 # Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
61 61 # so use Lindeman.
62 62 #
63 63 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
64 64 Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
65 65 Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
66 66 Rule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
67 67 Rule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
68 68 Rule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
69 69 Rule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
70 70 Zone Australia/Brisbane 10:12:08 - LMT 1895
71 71 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
72 72 10:00 AQ AE%sT
73 73 Zone Australia/Lindeman 9:55:56 - LMT 1895
74 74 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
75 75 10:00 AQ AE%sT 1992 Jul
76 76 10:00 Holiday AE%sT
77 77
78 78 # South Australia
79 79 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
80 80 Rule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
81 81 Rule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
82 82 Rule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
83 83 Rule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
84 84 Rule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
85 85 Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
86 86 Rule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 S
87 87 Rule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 S
88 88 Rule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 S
89 89 Rule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 S
90 90 Rule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
91 91 Rule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 S
92 92 Rule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
93 93 Rule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
94 94 Rule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
95 95 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
96 96 Zone Australia/Adelaide 9:14:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
97 97 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
98 98 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
99 99 9:30 AS AC%sT
100 100
101 101 # Tasmania
102 102 #
103 103 # From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
104 104 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
105 105 # says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
106 106 #
107 107 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
108 108 Rule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
109 109 Rule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
110 110 Rule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
111 111 Rule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 S
112 112 Rule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
113 113 Rule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
114 114 Rule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
115 115 Rule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
116 116 Rule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
117 117 Rule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
118 118 Rule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 D
119 119 Rule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
120 120 Rule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
121 121 Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
122 122 Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
123 123 Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
124 124 Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
125 125 Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
126 126 Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
127 127 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
128 128 Zone Australia/Hobart 9:49:16 - LMT 1895 Sep
129 129 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
130 130 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
131 131 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
132 132 10:00 AT AE%sT
133 133 Zone Australia/Currie 9:35:28 - LMT 1895 Sep
134 134 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
135 135 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
136 136 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971 Jul
137 137 10:00 AT AE%sT
138 138
139 139 # Victoria
140 140 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
141 141 Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
142 142 Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
143 143 Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
144 144 Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
145 145 Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 D
146 146 Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
147 147 Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
148 148 Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
149 149 Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
150 150 Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
151 151 Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
152 152 Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
153 153 Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
154 154 Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
155 155 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
156 156 Zone Australia/Melbourne 9:39:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
157 157 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
158 158 10:00 AV AE%sT
159 159
160 160 # New South Wales
161 161 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
162 162 Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
163 163 Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 S
164 164 Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
165 165 Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
166 166 Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
167 167 Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
168 168 Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 D
169 169 Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
170 170 Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
171 171 Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
172 172 Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
173 173 Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
174 174 Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
175 175 Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 S
176 176 Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
177 177 Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
178 178 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
179 179 Zone Australia/Sydney 10:04:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
180 180 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1971
181 181 10:00 AN AE%sT
182 182 Zone Australia/Broken_Hill 9:25:48 - LMT 1895 Feb
183 183 10:00 - AEST 1896 Aug 23
184 184 9:00 - ACST 1899 May
185 185 9:30 Aus AC%sT 1971
186 186 9:30 AN AC%sT 2000
187 187 9:30 AS AC%sT
188 188
189 189 # Lord Howe Island
190 190 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
191 191 Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
192 192 Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
193 193 Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
194 194 Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 S
195 195 Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 D
196 196 Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
197 197 Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
198 198 Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
199 199 Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
200 200 Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 D
201 201 Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
202 202 Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 S
203 203 Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
204 204 Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 D
205 205 Zone Australia/Lord_Howe 10:36:20 - LMT 1895 Feb
206 206 10:00 - AEST 1981 Mar
207 207 10:30 LH LH%sT
208 208
209 209 # Australian miscellany
210 210 #
211 211 # Ashmore Is, Cartier
212 212 # no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
213 213 # no times are set
214 214 #
215 215 # Coral Sea Is
216 216 # no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
217 217 # no times are set
218 218 #
219 219 # Macquarie
220 220 # Permanent occupation (scientific station) 1911-1915 and since 25 March 1948;
221 221 # sealing and penguin oil station operated Nov 1899 to Apr 1919. See the
222 222 # Tasmania Parks & Wildlife Service history of sealing at Macquarie Island
223 223 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1828
224 224 # http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=1831
225 225 # Guess that it was like Australia/Hobart while inhabited before 2010.
226 226 #
227 227 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-10):
228 228 # We got these changes from the Australian Antarctic Division:
229 229 # - Macquarie Island will stay on UTC+11 for winter and therefore not
230 230 # switch back from daylight savings time when other parts of Australia do
231 231 # on 4 April.
232 232 #
233 233 # From Arthur David Olson (2013-05-23):
234 234 # The 1919 transition is overspecified below so pre-2013 zics
235 235 # will produce a binary file with an [A]EST-type as the first 32-bit type;
236 236 # this is required for correct handling of times before 1916 by
237 237 # pre-2013 versions of localtime.
238 238 Zone Antarctica/Macquarie 0 - zzz 1899 Nov
239 239 10:00 - AEST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
240 240 10:00 1:00 AEDT 1917 Feb
241 241 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1919 Apr 1 0:00s
242 242 0 - zzz 1948 Mar 25
243 243 10:00 Aus AE%sT 1967
244 244 10:00 AT AE%sT 2010 Apr 4 3:00
245 245 11:00 - MIST # Macquarie I Standard Time
246 246
247 247 # Christmas
248 248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
249 249 Zone Indian/Christmas 7:02:52 - LMT 1895 Feb
250 250 7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
251 251
252 252 # Cocos (Keeling) Is
253 253 # These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
254 254 # We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
255 255 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
256 256 Zone Indian/Cocos 6:27:40 - LMT 1900
257 257 6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
258 258
259 259
260 260 # Fiji
261 261
262 262 # Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
263 263
264 264 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
265 265 # According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
266 266 # from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
267 267 #
268 268 # "Daylight savings to commence this month"
269 269 # http://www.radiofiji.com.fj/fullstory.php?id=23719
270 270 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji01.html
271 271
272 272 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
273 273 # The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
274 274 # amendments:
275 275 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/page_16198.shtml
276 276
277 277 # From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
278 278 # The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
279 279 # 2010-03-28 at 03:00.
280 280 # The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
281 281 # 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
282 282 #
283 283 # Official source:
284 284 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1096:3310-cabinet-approves-change-in-daylight-savings-dates&catid=49:cabinet-releases&Itemid=166
285 285 #
286 286 # A bit more background info here:
287 287 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/fiji-dst-ends-march-2010.html
288 288
289 289 # From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
290 290 # According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
291 291 # weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
292 292 # Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
293 293 # Ministry of Information (fiji.gov.fj) web site:
294 294 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2608:daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
295 295 # http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_fiji04.html
296 296
297 297 # From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
298 298 # Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
299 299 # assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
300 300 #
301 301 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
302 302 # which says
303 303 # Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
304 304 # advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
305 305 # 2am on February 26 next year.
306 306
307 307 # From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
308 308 # Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
309 309 # Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
310 310 #
311 311 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5017:amendments-to-daylight-savings&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
312 312 # states:
313 313 #
314 314 # The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
315 315 # has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
316 316 # The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
317 317 # on the 23rd of October, 2011.
318 318
319 319 # From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
320 320 # The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
321 321 # today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
322 322 # October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
323 323 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6702&catid=71&Itemid=155
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323 lines elided |
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324 324
325 325 # From the Fijian Government Media Center (2013-08-30) via David Wheeler:
326 326 # Fiji will start daylight savings on Sunday 27th October, 2013 ...
327 327 # move clocks forward by one hour from 2am
328 328 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-27th-OCTOBER-201.aspx
329 329
330 330 # From Steffen Thorsen (2013-01-10):
331 331 # Fiji will end DST on 2014-01-19 02:00:
332 332 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVINGS-TO-END-THIS-MONTH-%281%29.aspx
333 333
334 -# From Paul Eggert (2014-01-10):
335 -# For now, guess that Fiji springs forward the Sunday before the fourth
336 -# Monday in October, and springs back the penultimate Sunday in January.
337 -# This is ad hoc, but matches recent practice.
334 +# From Ken Rylander (2014-10-20):
335 +# DST will start Nov. 2 this year.
336 +# http://www.fiji.gov.fj/Media-Center/Press-Releases/DAYLIGHT-SAVING-STARTS-ON-SUNDAY,-NOVEMBER-2ND.aspx
338 337
338 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-20):
339 +# For now, guess DST from 02:00 the first Sunday in November to
340 +# 03:00 the first Sunday on or after January 18. Although ad hoc, it
341 +# matches this year's plan and seems more likely to match future
342 +# practice than guessing no DST.
343 +
339 344 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
340 345 Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
341 346 Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
342 347 Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
343 348 Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
344 -Rule Fiji 2010 max - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
349 +Rule Fiji 2010 2013 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00 1:00 S
345 350 Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
346 351 Rule Fiji 2012 2013 - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
347 -Rule Fiji 2014 max - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
352 +Rule Fiji 2014 only - Jan Sun>=18 2:00 0 -
353 +Rule Fiji 2014 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
354 +Rule Fiji 2015 max - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
348 355 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
349 356 Zone Pacific/Fiji 11:55:44 - LMT 1915 Oct 26 # Suva
350 357 12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
351 358
352 359 # French Polynesia
353 360 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
354 361 Zone Pacific/Gambier -8:59:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Rikitea
355 362 -9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
356 363 Zone Pacific/Marquesas -9:18:00 - LMT 1912 Oct
357 364 -9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
358 365 Zone Pacific/Tahiti -9:58:16 - LMT 1912 Oct # Papeete
359 366 -10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
360 367 # Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
361 368 # it is uninhabited.
362 369
363 370 # Guam
364 371 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
365 372 Zone Pacific/Guam -14:21:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
366 373 9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
367 374 10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
368 375 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
369 376
370 377 # Kiribati
371 378 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
372 379 Zone Pacific/Tarawa 11:32:04 - LMT 1901 # Bairiki
373 380 12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
374 381 Zone Pacific/Enderbury -11:24:20 - LMT 1901
375 382 -12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
376 383 -11:00 - PHOT 1995
377 384 13:00 - PHOT
378 385 Zone Pacific/Kiritimati -10:29:20 - LMT 1901
379 386 -10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
380 387 -10:00 - LINT 1995
381 388 14:00 - LINT
382 389
383 390 # N Mariana Is
384 391 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
385 392 Zone Pacific/Saipan -14:17:00 - LMT 1844 Dec 31
386 393 9:43:00 - LMT 1901
387 394 9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
388 395 10:00 - MPT 2000 Dec 23
389 396 10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
390 397
391 398 # Marshall Is
392 399 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
393 400 Zone Pacific/Majuro 11:24:48 - LMT 1901
394 401 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
395 402 12:00 - MHT
396 403 Zone Pacific/Kwajalein 11:09:20 - LMT 1901
397 404 11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct
398 405 -12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
399 406 12:00 - MHT
400 407
401 408 # Micronesia
402 409 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
403 410 Zone Pacific/Chuuk 10:07:08 - LMT 1901
404 411 10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
405 412 Zone Pacific/Pohnpei 10:32:52 - LMT 1901 # Kolonia
406 413 11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
407 414 Zone Pacific/Kosrae 10:51:56 - LMT 1901
408 415 11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
409 416 12:00 - KOST 1999
410 417 11:00 - KOST
411 418
412 419 # Nauru
413 420 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
414 421 Zone Pacific/Nauru 11:07:40 - LMT 1921 Jan 15 # Uaobe
415 422 11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
416 423 9:00 - JST 1944 Aug 15
417 424 11:30 - NRT 1979 May
418 425 12:00 - NRT
419 426
420 427 # New Caledonia
421 428 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
422 429 Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
423 430 Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
424 431 Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
425 432 # Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
426 433 Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
427 434 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
428 435 Zone Pacific/Noumea 11:05:48 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Nouméa
429 436 11:00 NC NC%sT
430 437
431 438
432 439 ###############################################################################
433 440
434 441 # New Zealand
435 442
436 443 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
437 444 Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
438 445 Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
439 446 Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
440 447 Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
441 448 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
442 449 Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
443 450 Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
444 451 # Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
445 452 # convenient single notation for the date and time of this transition
446 453 # so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
447 454 Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
448 455 Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
449 456 Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
450 457 Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
451 458 Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
452 459 Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
453 460 Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
454 461 Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
455 462 Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
456 463 Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
457 464 Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
458 465 Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
459 466 Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
460 467 Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
461 468 Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
462 469 Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
463 470 Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
464 471 Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
465 472 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
466 473 Zone Pacific/Auckland 11:39:04 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
467 474 11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
468 475 12:00 NZ NZ%sT
469 476 Zone Pacific/Chatham 12:13:48 - LMT 1868 Nov 2
470 477 12:15 - CHAST 1946 Jan 1
471 478 12:45 Chatham CHA%sT
472 479
473 480 Link Pacific/Auckland Antarctica/McMurdo
474 481
475 482 # Auckland Is
476 483 # uninhabited; Māori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
477 484 # and scientific personnel have wintered
478 485
479 486 # Campbell I
480 487 # minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
481 488 # scientific station operated 1941/1995;
482 489 # previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
483 490 # was probably like Pacific/Auckland
484 491
485 492 # Cook Is
486 493 # From Shanks & Pottenger:
487 494 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
488 495 Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
489 496 Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
490 497 Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
491 498 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
492 499 Zone Pacific/Rarotonga -10:39:04 - LMT 1901 # Avarua
493 500 -10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
494 501 -10:00 Cook CK%sT
495 502
496 503 ###############################################################################
497 504
498 505
499 506 # Niue
500 507 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
501 508 Zone Pacific/Niue -11:19:40 - LMT 1901 # Alofi
502 509 -11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
503 510 -11:30 - NUT 1978 Oct 1
504 511 -11:00 - NUT
505 512
506 513 # Norfolk
507 514 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
508 515 Zone Pacific/Norfolk 11:11:52 - LMT 1901 # Kingston
509 516 11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
510 517 11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
511 518
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512 519 # Palau (Belau)
513 520 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
514 521 Zone Pacific/Palau 8:57:56 - LMT 1901 # Koror
515 522 9:00 - PWT # Palau Time
516 523
517 524 # Papua New Guinea
518 525 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
519 526 Zone Pacific/Port_Moresby 9:48:40 - LMT 1880
520 527 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
521 528 10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
529 +#
530 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-13):
531 +# Base the Bougainville entry on the Arawa-Kieta region, which appears to have
532 +# the most people even though it was devastated in the Bougainville Civil War.
533 +#
534 +# Although Shanks gives 1942-03-15 / 1943-11-01 for JST, these dates
535 +# are apparently rough guesswork from the starts of military campaigns.
536 +# The World War II entries below are instead based on Arawa-Kieta.
537 +# The Japanese occupied Kieta in July 1942,
538 +# according to the Pacific War Online Encyclopedia
539 +# http://pwencycl.kgbudge.com/B/o/Bougainville.htm
540 +# and seem to have controlled it until their 1945-08-21 surrender.
541 +#
542 +# The Autonomous Region of Bougainville plans to switch from UTC+10 to UTC+11
543 +# on 2014-12-28 at 02:00. They call UTC+11 "Bougainville Standard Time";
544 +# abbreviate this as BST. See:
545 +# http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-issues/bougainville-gets-own-timezone/
546 +#
547 +Zone Pacific/Bougainville 10:22:16 - LMT 1880
548 + 9:48:32 - PMMT 1895
549 + 10:00 - PGT 1942 Jul
550 + 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 21
551 + 10:00 - PGT 2014 Dec 28 2:00
552 + 11:00 - BST
522 553
523 554 # Pitcairn
524 555 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
525 556 Zone Pacific/Pitcairn -8:40:20 - LMT 1901 # Adamstown
526 557 -8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 0:00
527 558 -8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
528 559
529 560 # American Samoa
530 561 Zone Pacific/Pago_Pago 12:37:12 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
531 562 -11:22:48 - LMT 1911
532 563 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
533 564 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
534 565 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
535 566
536 567 # Samoa (formerly and also known as Western Samoa)
537 568
538 569 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
539 570 # We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
540 571 # the following info:
541 572 #
542 573 # "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
543 574 # commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
544 575 # Sunday of April 2011."
545 576 #
546 577 # Background info:
547 578 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-dst-plan-2009.html
548 579 #
549 580 # Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
550 581 # contain any dates:
551 582 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/documents/acts/Daylight%20Saving%20Act%20%202009%20%28English%29%20-%20Final%207-7-091.pdf
552 583
553 584 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
554 585 # Please see
555 586 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws
556 587 # the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
557 588 # September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
558 589 # to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
559 590 # backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
560 591
561 592 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
562 593 # [http://www.mcil.gov.ws/ftcd/daylight_saving_2011.pdf]
563 594 #
564 595 # ... when the standard time strikes the hour of four o'clock (4.00am
565 596 # or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011, then all instruments used to
566 597 # measure standard time are to be adjusted/changed to three o'clock
567 598 # (3:00am or 0300Hrs).
568 599
569 600 # From David Zülke (2011-05-09):
570 601 # Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
571 602 #
572 603 # http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/markets/newsfeeditem.aspx?id=138501958347963
573 604
574 605 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-27):
575 606 # The International Date Line Act 2011
576 607 # http://www.parliament.gov.ws/images/ACTS/International_Date_Line_Act__2011_-_Eng.pdf
577 608 # changed Samoa from UTC-11 to UTC+13, effective "12 o'clock midnight, on
578 609 # Thursday 29th December 2011". The International Date Line was adjusted
579 610 # accordingly.
580 611
581 612 # From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
582 613 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
583 614 #
584 615 # here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
585 616 #
586 617 # DST
587 618 # Year End Time Start Time
588 619 # 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
589 620 # 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
590 621 #
591 622 # Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
592 623 # Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
593 624 # Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
594 625 #
595 626 # From Nicholas Pereira (2012-09-10):
596 627 # Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
597 628 # ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013....
598 629 # http://www.mcil.gov.ws/mcil_publications.html
599 630 #
600 631 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
601 632 # That web page currently lists transitions for 2012/3 and 2013/4.
602 633 # Assume the pattern instituted in 2012 will continue indefinitely.
603 634
604 635 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
605 636 Rule WS 2010 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 1 D
606 637 Rule WS 2011 only - Apr Sat>=1 4:00 0 S
607 638 Rule WS 2011 only - Sep lastSat 3:00 1 D
608 639 Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 S
609 640 Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
610 641 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
611 642 Zone Pacific/Apia 12:33:04 - LMT 1879 Jul 5
612 643 -11:26:56 - LMT 1911
613 644 -11:30 - WSST 1950
614 645 -11:00 WS S%sT 2011 Dec 29 24:00 # S=Samoa
615 646 13:00 WS WS%sT
616 647
617 648 # Solomon Is
618 649 # excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
619 650 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
620 651 Zone Pacific/Guadalcanal 10:39:48 - LMT 1912 Oct # Honiara
621 652 11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
622 653
623 654 # Tokelau Is
624 655 #
625 656 # From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
626 657 # A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
627 658 # December 31 this year ...
628 659 #
629 660 # From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
630 661 # ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
631 662 # about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
632 663 # Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
633 664 # actually was to UTC-11 back then.
634 665 #
635 666 # From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
636 667 # A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
637 668 # Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
638 669 # <http://books.google.com/books?id=ZaVCAQAAIAAJ>, page 65, says Tokelau
639 670 # was "11 hours slow on G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
640 671 # are off by an hour starting in 1901.
641 672
642 673 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
643 674 Zone Pacific/Fakaofo -11:24:56 - LMT 1901
644 675 -11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
645 676 13:00 - TKT
646 677
647 678 # Tonga
648 679 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
649 680 Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
650 681 Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
651 682 Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
652 683 Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
653 684 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
654 685 Zone Pacific/Tongatapu 12:19:20 - LMT 1901
655 686 12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
656 687 13:00 - TOT 1999
657 688 13:00 Tonga TO%sT
658 689
659 690 # Tuvalu
660 691 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
661 692 Zone Pacific/Funafuti 11:56:52 - LMT 1901
662 693 12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
663 694
664 695
665 696 # US minor outlying islands
666 697
667 698 # Howland, Baker
668 699 # Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
669 700 # 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
670 701 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
671 702 # uninhabited thereafter.
672 703 # Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UT-10:30) in 1937;
673 704 # see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
674 705 # Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
675 706 # So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
676 707 # until they were abandoned after the war.
677 708
678 709 # Jarvis
679 710 # Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
680 711 # Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
681 712 # uninhabited thereafter.
682 713 # no information; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
683 714
684 715 # Johnston
685 716 #
686 717 # From Paul Eggert (2014-03-11):
687 718 # Sometimes Johnston kept Hawaii time, and sometimes it was an hour behind.
688 719 # Details are uncertain. We have no data for Johnston after 1970, so
689 720 # treat it like Hawaii for now.
690 721 #
691 722 # In his memoirs of June 6th to October 4, 1945
692 723 # <http://www.315bw.org/Herb_Bach.htm> (2005), Herbert C. Bach writes,
693 724 # "We started our letdown to Kwajalein Atoll and landed there at 5:00 AM
694 725 # Johnston time, 1:30 AM Kwajalein time." This was in June 1945, and
695 726 # confirms that Johnston kept the same time as Honolulu in summer 1945.
696 727 #
697 728 # From Lyle McElhaney (2014-03-11):
698 729 # [W]hen JI was being used for that [atomic bomb] testing, the time being used
699 730 # was not Hawaiian time but rather the same time being used on the ships,
700 731 # which had a GMT offset of -11 hours. This apparently applied to at least the
701 732 # time from Operation Newsreel (Hardtack I/Teak shot, 1958-08-01) to the last
702 733 # Operation Fishbowl shot (Tightrope, 1962-11-04).... [See] Herman Hoerlin,
703 734 # "The United States High-Altitude Test Experience: A Review Emphasizing the
704 735 # Impact on the Environment", Los Alamos LA-6405, Oct 1976.
705 736 # http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00322994.pdf
706 737 # See the table on page 4 where he lists GMT and local times for the tests; a
707 738 # footnote for the JI tests reads that local time is "JI time = Hawaii Time
708 739 # Minus One Hour".
709 740 #
710 741 # See 'northamerica' for Pacific/Johnston.
711 742
712 743 # Kingman
713 744 # uninhabited
714 745
715 746 # Midway
716 747 #
717 748 # From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
718 749 # [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by R.E.G. Davies,
719 750 # published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
720 751 # reproduced a Pan American Airways timetable from 1936, for their weekly
721 752 # "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
722 753 # flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
723 754 # designations that I've never seen before:....
724 755 # Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor), H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
725 756 # " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . . M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
726 757 #
727 758 Zone Pacific/Midway -11:49:28 - LMT 1901
728 759 -11:00 - NST 1956 Jun 3
729 760 -11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
730 761 -11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
731 762 -11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
732 763 -11:00 - SST # S=Samoa
733 764
734 765 # Palmyra
735 766 # uninhabited since World War II; was probably like Pacific/Kiritimati
736 767
737 768 # Wake
738 769 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
739 770 Zone Pacific/Wake 11:06:28 - LMT 1901
740 771 12:00 - WAKT # Wake Time
741 772
742 773
743 774 # Vanuatu
744 775 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
745 776 Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
746 777 Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
747 778 Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
748 779 Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
749 780 Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
750 781 Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
751 782 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
752 783 Zone Pacific/Efate 11:13:16 - LMT 1912 Jan 13 # Vila
753 784 11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
754 785
755 786 # Wallis and Futuna
756 787 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
757 788 Zone Pacific/Wallis 12:15:20 - LMT 1901
758 789 12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
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759 790
760 791 ###############################################################################
761 792
762 793 # NOTES
763 794
764 795 # This file is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
765 796 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
766 797 # tz@iana.org for general use in the future). For more, please see
767 798 # the file CONTRIBUTING in the tz distribution.
768 799
769 -# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
770 -# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
800 +# From Paul Eggert (2014-10-31):
801 +#
802 +# Unless otherwise specified, the source for data through 1990 is:
771 803 # Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
772 804 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
805 +# Unfortunately this book contains many errors and cites no sources.
773 806 #
774 807 # Gwillim Law writes that a good source
775 808 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
776 809 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
777 810 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
778 -# of the IATA's data after 1990.
811 +# of the IATA's data after 1990. Except where otherwise noted,
812 +# IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
779 813 #
780 -# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
781 -# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
782 -#
783 814 # Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
784 815 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
785 816 # I found in the UCLA library.
786 817 #
787 818 # For data circa 1899, a common source is:
788 819 # Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94.
789 820 # http://www.jstor.org/stable/1774359
790 821 #
791 822 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
792 823 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
793 824 #
794 825 # I invented the abbreviations marked '*' in the following table;
795 826 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
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796 827 # Corrections are welcome!
797 828 # std dst
798 829 # LMT Local Mean Time
799 830 # 8:00 AWST AWDT Western Australia
800 831 # 8:45 ACWST ACWDT Central Western Australia*
801 832 # 9:00 JST Japan
802 833 # 9:30 ACST ACDT Central Australia
803 834 # 10:00 AEST AEDT Eastern Australia
804 835 # 10:00 ChST Chamorro
805 836 # 10:30 LHST LHDT Lord Howe*
837 +# 11:00 BST Bougainville*
806 838 # 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
807 839 # 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
808 840 # 12:15 CHAST Chatham through 1945*
809 841 # 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham 1946-present*
810 842 # 13:00 WSST WSDT (western) Samoa 2011-present*
811 843 # -11:30 WSST Western Samoa through 1950*
812 844 # -11:00 SST Samoa
813 845 # -10:00 HST Hawaii
814 846 # - 8:00 PST Pitcairn*
815 847 #
816 848 # See the 'northamerica' file for Hawaii.
817 849 # See the 'southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galápagos Is.
818 850
819 851 ###############################################################################
820 852
821 853 # Australia
822 854
823 855 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
824 856 # Daylight saving time has long been controversial in Australia, pitting
825 857 # region against region, rural against urban, and local against global.
826 858 # For example, in her review of Graeme Davison's _The Unforgiving
827 859 # Minute: how Australians learned to tell the time_ (1993), Perth native
828 860 # Phillipa J Martyr wrote, "The section entitled 'Saving Daylight' was
829 861 # very informative, but was (as can, sadly, only be expected from a
830 862 # Melbourne-based study) replete with the usual chuckleheaded
831 863 # Queenslanders and straw-chewing yokels from the West prattling fables
832 864 # about fading curtains and crazed farm animals."
833 865 # Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (1997-03-03)
834 866 # http://www.jcu.edu.au/aff/history/reviews/davison.htm
835 867
836 868 # From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
837 869 # Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
838 870 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/dst_times.shtml
839 871 # summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
840 872
841 873 # From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
842 874 # Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
843 875 # http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/Corporate/ll_agdinfo.nsf/pages/community_relations_daylight_saving
844 876 # covers New South Wales in particular.
845 877
846 878 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
847 879 # We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as 'daylight' time.
848 880 # It is called 'summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, 'summer'
849 881 # and 'standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
850 882 # abbreviation does _not_ change...
851 883 # The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
852 884 # in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
853 885 # initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
854 886 # the phrase 'summer time' and does not use the phrase 'daylight
855 887 # time'.
856 888 # Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
857 889 # Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases 'Eastern Standard Time'
858 890 # or 'Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
859 891 # current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
860 892 # on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
861 893 # prefixed by the word 'Australian' when referring to local times;
862 894 # time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
863 895
864 896 # From Paul Eggert (2014-06-30):
865 897 #
866 898 # Inspired by Mackin's remarks quoted above, earlier versions of this
867 899 # file used "EST" for both Eastern Standard Time and Eastern Summer
868 900 # Time in Australia, and similarly for "CST", "CWST", and "WST".
869 901 # However, these abbreviations were confusing and were not common
870 902 # practice among Australians, and there were justifiable complaints
871 903 # about them, so I attempted to survey current Australian usage.
872 904 # For the tz database, the full English phrase is not that important;
873 905 # what matters is the abbreviation. It's difficult to survey the web
874 906 # directly for abbreviation usage, as there are so many false hits for
875 907 # strings like "EST" and "EDT", so I looked for pages that defined an
876 908 # abbreviation for eastern or central DST in Australia, and got the
877 909 # following numbers of unique hits for the listed Google queries:
878 910 #
879 911 # 10 "Eastern Daylight Time AEST" site:au [some are false hits]
880 912 # 10 "Eastern Summer Time AEST" site:au
881 913 # 10 "Summer Time AEDT" site:au
882 914 # 13 "EDST Eastern Daylight Saving Time" site:au
883 915 # 18 "Summer Time ESST" site:au
884 916 # 28 "Eastern Daylight Saving Time EDST" site:au
885 917 # 39 "EDT Eastern Daylight Time" site:au [some are false hits]
886 918 # 53 "Eastern Daylight Time EDT" site:au [some are false hits]
887 919 # 54 "AEDT Australian Eastern Daylight Time" site:au
888 920 # 182 "Eastern Daylight Time AEDT" site:au
889 921 #
890 922 # 17 "Central Daylight Time CDT" site:au [some are false hits]
891 923 # 46 "Central Daylight Time ACDT" site:au
892 924 #
893 925 # I tried several other variants (e.g., "Eastern Summer Time EST") but
894 926 # they all returned fewer than 10 unique hits. I also looked for pages
895 927 # mentioning both "western standard time" and an abbreviation, since
896 928 # there is no WST in the US to generate false hits, and found:
897 929 #
898 930 # 156 "western standard time" AWST site:au
899 931 # 226 "western standard time" WST site:au
900 932 #
901 933 # I then surveyed the top ten newspapers in Australia by circulation as
902 934 # listed in Wikipedia, using Google queries like "AEDT site:heraldsun.com.au"
903 935 # and obtaining estimated counts from the initial page of search results.
904 936 # All ten papers greatly preferred "AEDT" to "EDT". The papers
905 937 # surveyed were the Herald Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Courier-Mail,
906 938 # The Sydney Morning Herald, The West Australian, The Age, The Advertiser,
907 939 # The Australian, The Financial Review, and The Herald (Newcastle).
908 940 #
909 941 # I also searched for historical usage, to see whether abbreviations
910 942 # like "AEDT" are new. A Trove search <http://trove.nla.gov.au/>
911 943 # found only one newspaper (The Canberra Times) with a house style
912 944 # dating back to the 1970s, I expect because other newspapers weren't
913 945 # fully indexed. The Canberra Times strongly preferred abbreviations
914 946 # like "AEDT". The first occurrence of "AEDT" was a World Weather
915 947 # column (1971-11-17, page 24), and of "ACDT" was a Scoreboard column
916 948 # (1993-01-24, p 16). The style was the typical usage but was not
917 949 # strictly enforced; for example, "Welcome to the twilight zones ..."
918 950 # (1994-10-29, p 1) uses the abbreviations AEST/AEDT, CST/CDT, and
919 951 # WST, and goes on to say, "The confusion and frustration some feel
920 952 # about the lack of uniformity among Australia's six states and two
921 953 # territories has prompted one group to form its very own political
922 954 # party -- the Sydney-based Daylight Saving Extension Party."
923 955 #
924 956 # I also surveyed federal government sources. They did not agree:
925 957 #
926 958 # The Australian Government (2014-03-26)
927 959 # http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/our-country/time
928 960 # (This document was produced by the Department of Finance.)
929 961 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
930 962 #
931 963 # Bureau of Meteorology (2012-11-08)
932 964 # http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/daysavtm.shtml
933 965 # EST CST WST EDT CDT
934 966 #
935 967 # Civil Aviation Safety Authority (undated)
936 968 # http://services.casa.gov.au/outnback/inc/pages/episode3/episode-3_time_zones.shtml
937 969 # EST CST WST (no abbreviations given for DST)
938 970 #
939 971 # Geoscience Australia (2011-11-24)
940 972 # http://www.ga.gov.au/geodesy/astro/sunrise.jsp
941 973 # AEST ACST AWST AEDT ACDT
942 974 #
943 975 # Parliamentary Library (2008-11-10)
944 976 # http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2008-09/09rp14.pdf
945 977 # EST CST WST preferred for standard time; AEST AEDT ACST ACDT also used
946 978 #
947 979 # The Transport Safety Bureau has an extensive series of accident reports,
948 980 # and investigators seem to use whatever abbreviation they like.
949 981 # Googling site:atsb.gov.au found the following number of unique hits:
950 982 # 311 "ESuT", 195 "EDT", 26 "AEDT", 83 "CSuT", 46 "CDT".
951 983 # "_SuT" tended to appear in older reports, and "A_DT" tended to
952 984 # appear in reports of events with international implications.
953 985 #
954 986 # From the above it appears that there is a working consensus in
955 987 # Australia to use trailing "DT" for daylight saving time; although
956 988 # some sources use trailing "SST" or "ST" or "SuT" they are by far in
957 989 # the minority. The case for leading "A" is weaker, but since it
958 990 # seems to be preferred in the overall web and is preferred in all
959 991 # the leading newspaper websites and in many government departments,
960 992 # it has a stronger case than omitting the leading "A". The current
961 993 # version of the database therefore uses abbreviations like "AEST" and
962 994 # "AEDT" for Australian time zones.
963 995
964 996 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
965 997 # Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
966 998 # Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
967 999 # reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
968 1000 # but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
969 1001 # and perhaps the newspaper's '2:00' is referring to standard time.
970 1002 # For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
971 1003
972 1004 # From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
973 1005 #
974 1006 # Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
975 1007 # and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
976 1008 # relevant entries in this database.
977 1009 #
978 1010 # NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
979 1011 # Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
980 1012 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/sta1987137/index.html
981 1013 # ACT
982 1014 # Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
983 1015 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/act/consol_act/stasta1972279/index.html
984 1016 # SA
985 1017 # Standard Time Act, 1898
986 1018 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/sta1898137/index.html
987 1019
988 1020 # From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
989 1021 # It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
990 1022 # one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
991 1023 # Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
992 1024 # in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
993 1025 #
994 1026 # From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
995 1027 # I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
996 1028 # to extend DST together in 2006.
997 1029 # ACT: http://www.cmd.act.gov.au/mediareleases/fileread.cfm?file=86.txt
998 1030 # New South Wales: http://www.thecouriermail.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,15538869%255E1702,00.html
999 1031 # South Australia: http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15555031-1246,00.html
1000 1032 # Tasmania: http://www.media.tas.gov.au/release.php?id=14772
1001 1033 # Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
1002 1034 # allude to it.
1003 1035 # But not Queensland
1004 1036 # http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,15564030-1248,00.html
1005 1037
1006 1038 # Northern Territory
1007 1039
1008 1040 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1009 1041 # # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
1010 1042 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1011 1043 # # N.T. have never utilised any DST due to sub-tropical/tropical location.
1012 1044 # ...
1013 1045 # Zone Australia/North 9:30 - CST
1014 1046
1015 1047 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1016 1048 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1017 1049 # the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
1018 1050
1019 1051 # Western Australia
1020 1052
1021 1053 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1022 1054 # # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
1023 1055 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1024 1056 # # W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
1025 1057 # # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
1026 1058 # # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
1027 1059 # # before reaching parliament.
1028 1060 # ...
1029 1061 # Zone Australia/West 8:00 AW %sST
1030 1062 # ...
1031 1063 # Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1032 1064 # Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1033 1065 # Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1034 1066 # Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
1035 1067
1036 1068 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1037 1069 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1038 1070 # Western Australia...do[es] not have daylight saving.
1039 1071
1040 1072 # From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
1041 1073 # Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
1042 1074 # rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
1043 1075 # work at 9.00am.)
1044 1076 # W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
1045 1077 # everybody again.
1046 1078
1047 1079 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1048 1080 # The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
1049 1081 # it matches what was used in the past.
1050 1082
1051 1083 # The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
1052 1084 # http://www.bom.gov.au/faq/faqgen.htm
1053 1085 # (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
1054 1086 # South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
1055 1087
1056 1088 # Queensland
1057 1089 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1058 1090 # # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
1059 1091 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1060 1092 # ...
1061 1093 # Zone Australia/Queensland 10:00 AQ %sST
1062 1094 # ...
1063 1095 # Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1064 1096 # Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
1065 1097 # Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1066 1098 # Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
1067 1099
1068 1100 # From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
1069 1101 # "Australia/Queensland" now observes daylight time (i.e. from
1070 1102 # October 1989).
1071 1103
1072 1104 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1073 1105 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1074 1106 # ...Queensland...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1075 1107 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1076 1108
1077 1109 # From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
1078 1110 # I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
1079 1111 # end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
1080 1112 # me.)
1081 1113
1082 1114 # From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
1083 1115 # ...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
1084 1116 # in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
1085 1117 # ...
1086 1118 # Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1087 1119 # Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1088 1120 # ...
1089 1121
1090 1122 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1091 1123 # The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
1092 1124
1093 1125 # From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
1094 1126 # from Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
1095 1127 # WA are trialing DST for three years.
1096 1128 # http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/9A1B183144403DA54825721200088DF1/$File/Bill175-1B.pdf
1097 1129
1098 1130 # From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
1099 1131 # The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
1100 1132 # southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
1101 1133 # Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
1102 1134 # residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
1103 1135 # much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
1104 1136 # international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
1105 1137 # Australia and Western Australia....
1106 1138 #
1107 1139 # From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
1108 1140 # This is confirmed by the section entitled
1109 1141 # "What's the deal with time zones???" in
1110 1142 # http://www.earthsci.unimelb.edu.au/~awatkins/null.html
1111 1143 #
1112 1144 # From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
1113 1145 # ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
1114 1146 # which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
1115 1147 # coast of the continent.
1116 1148 #
1117 1149 # I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
1118 1150 # dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
1119 1151 # village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
1120 1152 # as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
1121 1153 # the largest population centre in this zone....
1122 1154 #
1123 1155 # Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
1124 1156 # question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
1125 1157 # just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
1126 1158 # meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
1127 1159 #
1128 1160 # (2006-12-09):
1129 1161 # I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
1130 1162 # in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
1131 1163 # of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
1132 1164 # before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
1133 1165
1134 1166 # From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
1135 1167 # For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
1136 1168 # introduction of standard time in 1895.
1137 1169
1138 1170
1139 1171 # southeast Australia
1140 1172 #
1141 1173 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1142 1174 # Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
1143 1175 # end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
1144 1176 # http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/daylight-savings-to-span-six-months/2007/06/27/1182623966703.html
1145 1177
1146 1178
1147 1179 # South Australia
1148 1180
1149 1181 # From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
1150 1182 # A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
1151 1183 # ...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
1152 1184 # at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
1153 1185
1154 1186 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1155 1187 # # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of S.A. Dept of Labour ]
1156 1188 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1157 1189 # ...
1158 1190 # Zone Australia/South 9:30 AS %sST
1159 1191 # ...
1160 1192 # Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1161 1193 # Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1162 1194 # Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
1163 1195 # Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
1164 1196
1165 1197 # From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
1166 1198 # Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
1167 1199 # contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
1168 1200 # South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
1169 1201
1170 1202 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
1171 1203 # I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
1172 1204 # South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
1173 1205 # numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
1174 1206 # is on...
1175 1207
1176 1208 # From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
1177 1209 # DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
1178 1210 # But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
1179 1211 # (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
1180 1212
1181 1213 # From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
1182 1214 # If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
1183 1215 # 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
1184 1216 # only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
1185 1217
1186 1218 # From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
1187 1219 # The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
1188 1220 # was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
1189 1221 # start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
1190 1222
1191 1223 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1192 1224 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1193 1225
1194 1226 # Tasmania
1195 1227
1196 1228 # The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1197 1229 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1198 1230 # # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1199 1231 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1200 1232
1201 1233 # From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
1202 1234 # Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
1203 1235 # 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
1204 1236 # (but nothing new about that).
1205 1237
1206 1238 # From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
1207 1239 # I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
1208 1240 # (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
1209 1241 # has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
1210 1242 # (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
1211 1243 # instead of the first Sunday in October.
1212 1244
1213 1245 # Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
1214 1246 # http://www.thelaw.tas.gov.au/fragview/42++1968+GS3A@EN+2000070300
1215 1247
1216 1248 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1217 1249 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1218 1250
1219 1251 # Victoria
1220 1252
1221 1253 # The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
1222 1254 # via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1223 1255 # # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
1224 1256 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1225 1257
1226 1258 # From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
1227 1259 # On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
1228 1260 # interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
1229 1261 # discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
1230 1262 # Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
1231 1263 # in Melbourne, Australia.
1232 1264 #
1233 1265 # Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
1234 1266 # illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
1235 1267 # of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
1236 1268 # fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
1237 1269 # you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
1238 1270 # expected time.
1239 1271 #
1240 1272 # However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
1241 1273 # to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
1242 1274 # the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
1243 1275 # someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
1244 1276 #
1245 1277 # [1] http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/HEISUN.html
1246 1278 # [2] http://www.shrine.org.au
1247 1279
1248 1280 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1249 1281 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1250 1282
1251 1283 # New South Wales
1252 1284
1253 1285 # From Arthur David Olson:
1254 1286 # New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
1255 1287 # Based on law library research by John Mackin,
1256 1288 # who notes:
1257 1289 # In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
1258 1290 # individual states. Thus, while such terms as "Eastern Standard Time"
1259 1291 # [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
1260 1292 # use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
1261 1293 # legislation. This is very important to understand.
1262 1294 # I have researched New South Wales time only...
1263 1295
1264 1296 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
1265 1297 # DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
1266 1298 # October in 2000. See: Matthew Moore,
1267 1299 # Two months more daylight saving, Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).
1268 1300 # http://www.smh.com.au/news/9905/26/pageone/pageone4.html
1269 1301
1270 1302 # From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
1271 1303 # See the following official NSW source:
1272 1304 # Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
1273 1305 # http://dir.gis.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/genobject/document/other/daylightsaving/tigGmZ
1274 1306 #
1275 1307 # Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
1276 1308 # daylight saving next year. See:
1277 1309 # Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
1278 1310 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/neweng/monthly/regeng-22jul1999-1.htm
1279 1311 # (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
1280 1312 #
1281 1313 # Victoria will following NSW. See:
1282 1314 # Vic to extend daylight saving (1999-07-28)
1283 1315 # http://abc.net.au/local/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990728112314_1.htm
1284 1316 #
1285 1317 # However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
1286 1318 # South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request (1999-07-19)
1287 1319 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/07/item19990719151754_1.htm
1288 1320 #
1289 1321 # Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
1290 1322 # Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
1291 1323 # http://abc.net.au/news/olympics/1999/06/item19990601114608_1.htm
1292 1324 # (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
1293 1325 # "Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
1294 1326 # I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
1295 1327 # well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
1296 1328 # bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
1297 1329 # I've been through all this argument domestically...my wife rules."
1298 1330 #
1299 1331 # Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
1300 1332 # Broken Hill to be behind the times (1999-07-21)
1301 1333 # http://abc.net.au/news/regionals/brokenh/monthly/regbrok-21jul1999-6.htm
1302 1334
1303 1335 # IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
1304 1336 # Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
1305 1337 # Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
1306 1338
1307 1339 # From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
1308 1340 # The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
1309 1341 # towns to use Queensland time.
1310 1342
1311 1343 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1312 1344 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1313 1345
1314 1346 # Yancowinna
1315 1347
1316 1348 # From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
1317 1349 # 'Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
1318 1350
1319 1351 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1320 1352 # # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
1321 1353 # # [ Dec 1990 ]
1322 1354 # ...
1323 1355 # # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
1324 1356 # # New South Wales side of the S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
1325 1357 # # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
1326 1358 # # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with N.S.W. There have
1327 1359 # # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
1328 1360 # # presently available.
1329 1361 # Zone Australia/Yancowinna 9:30 AY %sST
1330 1362 # ...
1331 1363 # Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1332 1364 # Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
1333 1365 # [followed by other Rules]
1334 1366
1335 1367 # Lord Howe Island
1336 1368
1337 1369 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1338 1370 # LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
1339 1371 # [ Dec 1990 ]
1340 1372 # Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
1341 1373 # hour ahead of NSW time.
1342 1374
1343 1375 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
1344 1376 # Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
1345 1377 # date as the rest of NSW (i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
1346 1378 # Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
1347 1379 # seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
1348 1380 # arrangements on the Island, e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
1349 1381 # instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
1350 1382 # the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
1351 1383 # arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
1352 1384 # however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
1353 1385
1354 1386 # From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
1355 1387 # Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
1356 1388 # clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
1357 1389 # introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
1358 1390 # shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
1359 1391 # of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
1360 1392
1361 1393 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1362 1394 # For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
1363 1395 # Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
1364 1396
1365 1397 # From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
1366 1398 # See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
1367 1399
1368 1400 # From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
1369 1401 # According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
1370 1402 # saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
1371 1403 # summer (southern hemisphere).
1372 1404 #
1373 1405 # From
1374 1406 # http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/uploaded_files/DaylightDatesSet.pdf
1375 1407 # The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
1376 1408 # for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
1377 1409 # Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
1378 1410 # year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
1379 1411 # Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
1380 1412 # with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
1381 1413 # the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
1382 1414 #
1383 1415 # We have a wrap-up here:
1384 1416 # http://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/south-australia-extends-dst.html
1385 1417 ###############################################################################
1386 1418
1387 1419 # New Zealand
1388 1420
1389 1421 # From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
1390 1422 # the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
1391 1423 # This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
1392 1424 # subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
1393 1425 # source - phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
1394 1426
1395 1427 # From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
1396 1428 # # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
1397 1429 # # or is Australia the west island of N.Z.
1398 1430 # # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland N.Z. ]
1399 1431 # # [ Nov 1990 ]
1400 1432 # ...
1401 1433 # Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
1402 1434 # Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1403 1435 # Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
1404 1436 # Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
1405 1437 # ...
1406 1438 # Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
1407 1439 # Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
1408 1440
1409 1441 # From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
1410 1442 # The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
1411 1443 # rather than the October 1 value.
1412 1444
1413 1445 # From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
1414 1446 # Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
1415 1447 # Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
1416 1448 # Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
1417 1449 # time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
1418 1450 # As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
1419 1451 #
1420 1452 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1421 1453 # The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
1422 1454 # as does Carol Squires; see tz-link.htm for the full references.
1423 1455 # Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
1424 1456 #
1425 1457 # For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
1426 1458 # transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
1427 1459 # is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
1428 1460
1429 1461 # From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
1430 1462 # DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
1431 1463 # first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
1432 1464 # that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
1433 1465 # http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Daylight-Saving-Daylight-saving-to-be-extended
1434 1466
1435 1467 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-14):
1436 1468 # Chatham Island time was formally standardized on 1957-01-01 by
1437 1469 # New Zealand's Standard Time Amendment Act 1956 (1956-10-26).
1438 1470 # http://www.austlii.edu.au/nz/legis/hist_act/staa19561956n100244.pdf
1439 1471 # According to Google Books snippet view, a speaker in the New Zealand
1440 1472 # parliamentary debates in 1956 said "Clause 78 makes provision for standard
1441 1473 # time in the Chatham Islands. The time there is 45 minutes in advance of New
1442 1474 # Zealand time. I understand that is the time they keep locally, anyhow."
1443 1475 # For now, assume this practice goes back to the introduction of standard time
1444 1476 # in New Zealand, as this would make Chatham Islands time almost exactly match
1445 1477 # LMT back when New Zealand was at UTC+11:30; also, assume Chatham Islands did
1446 1478 # not observe New Zealand's prewar DST.
1447 1479
1448 1480 ###############################################################################
1449 1481
1450 1482
1451 1483 # Fiji
1452 1484
1453 1485 # Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
1454 1486 # enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
1455 1487 # instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
1456 1488
1457 1489 # From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
1458 1490 # Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
1459 1491 # until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
1460 1492 # be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
1461 1493
1462 1494 # From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
1463 1495 # IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
1464 1496
1465 1497 # From the BBC World Service in
1466 1498 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/205226.stm (1998-10-31 16:03 UTC):
1467 1499 # The Fijian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
1468 1500 # improve productivity and reduce road accidents.... [T]he move is also
1469 1501 # intended to boost Fiji's ability to attract tourists to witness the dawning
1470 1502 # of the new millennium.
1471 1503
1472 1504 # http://www.fiji.gov.fj/press/2000_09/2000_09_13-05.shtml (2000-09-13)
1473 1505 # reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
1474 1506
1475 1507
1476 1508 # Kiribati
1477 1509
1478 1510 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1479 1511 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
1480 1512 # "declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995"
1481 1513 # as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
1482 1514
1483 1515
1484 1516 # Kwajalein
1485 1517
1486 1518 # In comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
1487 1519 # I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
1488 1520 # 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
1489 1521 # respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
1490 1522 # going from 11:59 p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
1491 1523
1492 1524
1493 1525 # N Mariana Is, Guam
1494 1526
1495 1527 # Howse writes (p 153) "The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
1496 1528 # Philippines and the Ladrones from America," and implies that the Ladrones
1497 1529 # (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
1498 1530 # For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
1499 1531 # see Asia/Manila.
1500 1532
1501 1533 # US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
1502 1534 # under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
1503 1535 # but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
1504 1536 # wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
1505 1537
1506 1538
1507 1539 # Micronesia
1508 1540
1509 1541 # Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
1510 1542 # "I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that 'Truk'
1511 1543 # (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10."
1512 1544 #
1513 1545 # Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
1514 1546 # on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
1515 1547
1516 1548 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
1517 1549 # The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
1518 1550 # The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information (1999-01-26)
1519 1551 # http://www.fsmgov.org/info/clocks.html
1520 1552 # that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
1521 1553 # We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
1522 1554
1523 1555
1524 1556 # Midway
1525 1557
1526 1558 # From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
1527 1559 # quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
1528 1560 # <http://radiodx.com/spdxr/KMTH.htm> (2002-12-31):
1529 1561 # For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
1530 1562 # Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
1531 1563 # your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
1532 1564 # we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
1533 1565 # air at 6am your time.
1534 1566 #
1535 1567 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1536 1568 # We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
1537 1569 # started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
1538 1570 # in Midway, but we have no record of it.
1539 1571
1540 1572
1541 1573 # Pitcairn
1542 1574
1543 1575 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
1544 1576 # A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
1545 1577 # with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
1546 1578 #
1547 1579 # The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
1548 1580 # Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
1549 1581 # as Pitcairn Standard Time.
1550 1582 #
1551 1583 # ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
1552 1584 # references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
1553 1585 # somehow in light of this proclamation.
1554 1586
1555 1587 # From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
1556 1588 # The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
1557 1589 # ... at midnight.
1558 1590
1559 1591 # From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
1560 1592 # Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
1561 1593 # Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
1562 1594 # Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
1563 1595
1564 1596
1565 1597 # (Western) Samoa and American Samoa
1566 1598
1567 1599 # Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
1568 1600 # that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
1569 1601 # "the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
1570 1602 # ordaining - by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery - that
1571 1603 # the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year."
1572 1604
1573 1605 # Although Shanks & Pottenger says they both switched to UTC-11:30
1574 1606 # in 1911, and to UTC-11 in 1950. many earlier sources give UTC-11
1575 1607 # for American Samoa, e.g., the US National Bureau of Standards
1576 1608 # circular "Standard Time Throughout the World", 1932.
1577 1609 # Assume American Samoa switched to UTC-11 in 1911, not 1950,
1578 1610 # and that after 1950 they agreed until (western) Samoa skipped a
1579 1611 # day in 2011. Assume also that the Samoas follow the US and New
1580 1612 # Zealand's "ST"/"DT" style of daylight-saving abbreviations.
1581 1613
1582 1614 # Tonga
1583 1615
1584 1616 # From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
1585 1617 # Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that "Tonga has been plotting
1586 1618 # to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time."
1587 1619 # Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
1588 1620
1589 1621 # Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
1590 1622 # How Tonga became 'The Land where Time Begins':
1591 1623 # http://www.tongatapu.net.to/tonga/homeland/timebegins.htm
1592 1624 #
1593 1625 # Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
1594 1626 # 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
1595 1627 # standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
1596 1628 # local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
1597 1629 # advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
1598 1630 # (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
1599 1631 #
1600 1632 # Because His Majesty King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
1601 1633 # Tungī, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
1602 1634 # begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
1603 1635 #
1604 1636 # But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
1605 1637 # islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
1606 1638 # minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
1607 1639 # minutes we have lost?"
1608 1640 #
1609 1641 # The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
1610 1642 # on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
1611 1643 # to say your prayers in the morning."
1612 1644
1613 1645 # From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
1614 1646 # Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
1615 1647
1616 1648 # From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
1617 1649 # Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millennium
1618 1650 # Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
1619 1651 # He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
1620 1652 # October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
1621 1653 # Government.
1622 1654
1623 1655 # From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
1624 1656 # * Tonga will introduce DST in November
1625 1657 #
1626 1658 # I was given this link by John Letts:
1627 1659 # http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/asia-pacific/newsid_424000/424764.stm
1628 1660 #
1629 1661 # I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
1630 1662 # yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
1631 1663 # of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
1632 1664 # (12 + 1 hour DST).
1633 1665
1634 1666 # From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
1635 1667 # According to <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/sept1799.html>:
1636 1668 # "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
1637 1669 # and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
1638 1670 # third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
1639 1671 # Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
1640 1672 # set back an hour on the closing date."
1641 1673 # Alas, no indication of the time of day.
1642 1674
1643 1675 # From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
1644 1676 # Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
1645 1677 # Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
1646 1678
1647 1679 # From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
1648 1680 # Back in March I found a notice on the website http://www.tongaonline.com
1649 1681 # that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
1650 1682 # instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
1651 1683 # is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
1652 1684 # text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
1653 1685 # (Original URL was <http://www.tongaonline.com/news/march162000.htm>)
1654 1686
1655 1687 # From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
1656 1688 # Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
1657 1689
1658 1690 # From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
1659 1691 # At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
1660 1692 # shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
1661 1693 # of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
1662 1694 # hour to 1:00am.
1663 1695
1664 1696 # From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
1665 1697 # The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
1666 1698
1667 1699
1668 1700 # Wake
1669 1701
1670 1702 # From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
1671 1703 # US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
1672 1704 #
1673 1705 # Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] - ... The time was all the
1674 1706 # more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
1675 1707 # International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
1676 1708 # discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
1677 1709 # making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
1678 1710 # impossible.
1679 1711 #
1680 1712 # http://www.trumanlibrary.org/wake/meeting.htm
1681 1713
1682 1714 # From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
1683 1715 # We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
1684 1716
1685 1717 ###############################################################################
1686 1718
1687 1719 # The International Date Line
1688 1720
1689 1721 # From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
1690 1722 #
1691 1723 # The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
1692 1724 # convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
1693 1725 # Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
1694 1726 # the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
1695 1727 #
1696 1728 # When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
1697 1729 # Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
1698 1730 # to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
1699 1731 # mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
1700 1732 # has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
1701 1733 # island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
1702 1734 # convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
1703 1735 # governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
1704 1736 # places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
1705 1737 # an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
1706 1738 # correct date is ambiguous.
1707 1739
1708 1740 # From Wikipedia <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone> (2005-08-31):
1709 1741 # Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
1710 1742 # their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
1711 1743 # speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
1712 1744 # meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
1713 1745 # Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
1714 1746 # ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
1715 1747 # on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
1716 1748 # nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
1717 1749 # to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
1718 1750 # entry into another zone time - he often chose midnight. These zones were
1719 1751 # adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
1720 1752 # independent merchant ships until World War II.
1721 1753
1722 1754 # From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
1723 1755 # (2005-03-20):
1724 1756 #
1725 1757 # The American Practical Navigator (2002)
1726 1758 # http://pollux.nss.nima.mil/pubs/pubs_j_apn_sections.html?rid=187
1727 1759 # talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
1728 1760 # international waters; it ignores the international date line.
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