100 ###############################################################################
101
102 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
103
104 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
105 #
106 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
107 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
108 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
109 # of the text said:
110 #
111 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
112 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
113 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
114 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
115 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
116 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
117 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
118 #
119 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
120 # position is 51 degrees 28' 30" N, 0 degrees 18' 45" W. The longitude should
121 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
122 #
123 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
124
125 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
126 #
127 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
128 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
129 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
130 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
131 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
132 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
133 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
134 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
135 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
136 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
137 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
138 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
139 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
140 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
141 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
142 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
143 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
144 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
145 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
146 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
147 #
148 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
149 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
150 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
151
152 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
153 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
154 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
155 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
156 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
157 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
158 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
159 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
160 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
161 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30 deg.
162 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
163 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
164 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
165 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
166 #
167 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
168 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
169 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
170 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
171 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
172 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
173 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
174 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
175 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
176 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
177 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
178 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
179 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
180 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
181 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
491 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
492 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
493 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
494 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
495 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
496 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
497 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
498 #
499 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
500
501 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
502 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
503 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
504 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
505 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
506 0:00 EU GMT/BST
507 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
508 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
509 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
510
511 # From Paul Eggert (2018-01-19):
512 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
513 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter.
514 # Although currently commented out, this will need to become uncommented
515 # once the ICU/OpenJDK workaround is removed; see below.
516 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
517 #Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 GMT
518 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 IST
519 #Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 GMT
520 #Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 IST
521 #Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 GMT
522 #Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 GMT
523 #Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 GMT
524
525 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
526 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
527 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
528 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
529 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
530 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
531 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
532 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
533 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
534 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
535 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
536 # From Paul Eggert (2018-01-18):
537 # The next line should look like this:
538 # 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
539 # However, in January 2018 we discovered that the Eire rules cause
540 # problems with tests for ICU:
541 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
542 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
543 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
544 # To work around this problem, use a traditional approximation for
545 # time stamps after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC, to give ICU and OpenJDK
546 # developers breathing room to fix bugs. This approximation has
547 # correct UTC offsets, but results in tm_isdst flags are the reverse
548 # of what they should be. This workaround is temporary and should be
549 # removed reasonably soon.
550 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
551 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
552 0:00 EU GMT/IST
553 # End of workaround for ICU and OpenJDK bugs.
554
555
556 ###############################################################################
557
558 # Europe
559
560 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
561 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
562 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
563
564 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
565 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
566 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
567 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
568 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
569 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
570 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
571 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
572 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
573 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
951 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
952 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
953 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
954 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
955 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
956 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
957 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
958 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
959 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
960 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
961 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
962 2:00 EU EE%sT
963
964 # Croatia
965 # See Europe/Belgrade.
966
967 # Cyprus
968 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
969
970 # Czech Republic / Czechia
971 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
972 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
973 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
974 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
975 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
976 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
977 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
978 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
979 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
980 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
981 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
982 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
983 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
984 1:00 EU CE%sT
985 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
986
987 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
988
989 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
990 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
991 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
992 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
993 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
994 #
995 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
996 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
997 #
998 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
999 # in subsequent decrees with the law
1000 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
1001 #
1002 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
1517 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1518 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1519 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1520 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1521 #
1522 # (1993-12-10):
1523 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1524 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1525 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1526 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1527 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1528 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1529 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1530 # might mean something else (???).
1531 #
1532 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1533 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1534 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1535 #
1536 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1537 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1538 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1539 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1540 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 S
1541 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1542 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1543 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1544 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1545 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1546 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 S
1547 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1548 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1549 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1550 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1551 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1552 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1553 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1554 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1555 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1556 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1557 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1558 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1559 0:00 - GMT
1560
1561 # Italy
1562 #
1563 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1564 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1565 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1566 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1567 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1568 # so record only the time in Rome.
1569 #
1570 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1571 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
1997 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1998 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1999 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2000 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2001 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2002 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2003 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2004 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2005 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2006 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2007 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2008 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2009 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2010 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2011 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2012 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2013 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2014 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2015 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2016 #
2017 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
2018 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
2019 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2020 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2021 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2022 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2023 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2024 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2025 1:00 EU CE%sT
2026
2027 # Norway
2028 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2029 # Pottenger.
2030 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2031 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2032 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2033 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2034 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2035 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2036 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2037 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2121 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2122 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2123 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2124 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2125 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2126 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2127 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2128 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2129 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2130 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2131 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2132 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2133 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2134 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2135 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2136 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2137 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2138 1:00 EU CE%sT
2139
2140 # Portugal
2141 #
2142 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2143 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2144 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2145 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2146 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett but disagrees
2147 # with Shanks, who says the transition occurred on 1911-05-24 at 00:00 for
2148 # Europe/Lisbon, Atlantic/Azores, and Atlantic/Madeira.
2149 #
2150 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2151 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2152 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2153 #
2154 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2155 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2156 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2157 #
2158 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2159 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2160 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2161 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2162 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2163 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2164 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2165 #
2166 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2167 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2168 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2169 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2212 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2213 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2214 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2215 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2216 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2217 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2218 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2219 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2220 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2221 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2222 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2223 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2224 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2225 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2226 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2227 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2228 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2229 #
2230 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2231 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2232 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
2233 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2234 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2235 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2236 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2237 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2238 0:00 EU WE%sT
2239 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2240 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2241 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 # Horta Mean Time
2242 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2243 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2244 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2245 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2246 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2247 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2248 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2249 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2250 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2251 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2252 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2253 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2254 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2255 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2256 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2257 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 # Funchal Mean Time
2258 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2259 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2260 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2261 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2262 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2263 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2264 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2265 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2266 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2267 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2268 0:00 EU WE%sT
2269
2270 # Romania
2271 #
2272 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2273 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2274 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2275 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2276 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2277 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2575 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2576 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2577 #
2578 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2579 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2580 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2581 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2582 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2583 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2584 # 2 days before the switch.
2585 #
2586 #
2587 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2588 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2589 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2590 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2591 # time in Moscow.
2592
2593 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2594 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2595 # Observatory (coordinates: 55 deg. 45'29.70", 37 deg. 34'05.30")....
2596 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2597 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2598 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2599 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2600 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2601 # coordinates: 59 deg. 46'18.70", 30 deg. 19'40.70") so 30 deg. 19'40.70" >
2602 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2603 # 2:31:19 ...
2604 #
2605 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2606 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2607 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2608 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2609 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2610
2611 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2612 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2613 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2614 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2615 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2616 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2617 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2618 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2619 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2620 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2621 3:00 - MSK
3410 1:00 - CET 1986
3411 1:00 EU CE%sT
3412 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3413 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3414 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3415 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3416 0:00 EU WE%sT
3417 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3418 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3419
3420 # Sweden
3421
3422 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3423 #
3424 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3425 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3426 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3427 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3428 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3429 #
3430 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
3431 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3432 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3433 #
3434 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3435 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3436 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3437 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3438 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3439 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3440 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3441 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3442 #
3443 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3444 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3445 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3446 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3447 #
3448 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3449 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3450 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3514 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3515 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3516 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3517 #
3518 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3519 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3520 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3521 #
3522 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3523 #
3524 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3525 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3526 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3527 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3528 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3529 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3530 #
3531 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3532 # The Federal regulations say
3533 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3534 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7 degrees 26' 22.50".
3535 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3536
3537 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3538 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3539 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3540 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3541 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3542 # hour before the beginning of service.
3543
3544 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3545 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3546 #
3547 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3548 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3549 #
3550 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3551 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3552 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3553 #
3554 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
|
100 ###############################################################################
101
102 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
103
104 # From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
105 #
106 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
107 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
108 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
109 # of the text said:
110 #
111 # 'An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
112 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
113 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
114 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
115 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
116 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
117 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
118 #
119 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
120 # position is 51° 28' 30" N, 0° 18' 45" W. The longitude should
121 # be within about ±2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
122 #
123 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
124
125 # From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
126 #
127 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
128 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
129 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
130 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
131 # and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
132 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
133 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
134 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
135 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
136 # adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
137 # The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
138 # and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
139 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
140 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
141 # on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
142 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
143 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
144 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
145 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
146 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
147 #
148 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
149 # transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
150 # about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
151
152 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-19):
153 # The ancients had no need for daylight saving, as they kept time
154 # informally or via hours whose length depended on the time of year.
155 # Daylight saving time in its modern sense was invented by the
156 # New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson (1867-1946),
157 # whose day job as a postal clerk led him to value
158 # after-hours daylight in which to pursue his research.
159 # In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society
160 # that proposed a two-hour daylight-saving shift. See:
161 # Hudson GV. On seasonal time-adjustment in countries south of lat. 30°.
162 # Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute. 1895;28:734
163 # http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_28/rsnz_28_00_006110.html
164 # Although some interest was expressed in New Zealand, his proposal
165 # did not find its way into law and eventually it was almost forgotten.
166 #
167 # In England, DST was independently reinvented by William Willett (1857-1915),
168 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
169 # who circulated a pamphlet "The Waste of Daylight" (1907)
170 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
171 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
172 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
173 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
174 # Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
175 # it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
176 # See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
177 # A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
178 # a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
179 # subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
180 # designed by G. W. Miller, is the William Willett Memorial Sundial,
181 # which is permanently set to Summer Time.
491 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
492 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
493 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
494 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
495 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
496 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
497 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
498 #
499 # Use Europe/London for Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man.
500
501 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
502 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s
503 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
504 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
505 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
506 0:00 EU GMT/BST
507 Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey
508 Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey
509 Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man
510
511 # From Paul Eggert (2018-02-15):
512 # In January 2018 we discovered that the negative SAVE values in the
513 # Eire rules cause problems with tests for ICU:
514 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025825.html
515 # and with tests for OpenJDK:
516 # https://mm.icann.org/pipermail/tz/2018-January/025822.html
517 #
518 # To work around this problem, the build procedure can translate the
519 # following data into two forms, one with negative SAVE values and the
520 # other form with a traditional approximation for Irish time stamps
521 # after 1971-10-31 02:00 UTC; although this approximation has tm_isdst
522 # flags that are reversed, its UTC offsets are correct and this often
523 # suffices. This source file currently uses only nonnegative SAVE
524 # values, but this is intended to change and downstream code should
525 # not rely on it.
526 #
527 # The following is like GB-Eire and EU, except with standard time in
528 # summer and negative daylight saving time in winter. It is for when
529 # negative SAVE values are used.
530 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
531 Rule Eire 1971 only - Oct 31 2:00u -1:00 -
532 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00u 0 -
533 Rule Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00u -1:00 -
534 Rule Eire 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 0 -
535 Rule Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u -1:00 -
536 Rule Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u -1:00 -
537 Rule Eire 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u -1:00 -
538
539 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
540 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
541 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00s
542 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
543 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
544 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00s
545 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00s
546 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00s
547 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00s
548 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00s
549 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
550 # The next line is for when negative SAVE values are used.
551 1:00 Eire IST/GMT
552 # These three lines are for when SAVE values are always nonnegative.
553 # 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
554 # 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
555 # 0:00 EU GMT/IST
556
557
558 ###############################################################################
559
560 # Europe
561
562 # The following rules are for the European Union and for its
563 # predecessor organization, the European Communities.
564 # For brevity they are called "EU rules" elsewhere in this file.
565
566 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
567 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
568 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
569 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
570 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
571 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
572 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
573 # The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
574 # Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
575 # of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
953 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
954 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
955 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
956 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
957 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
958 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
959 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
960 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
961 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 3:00
962 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
963 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
964 2:00 EU EE%sT
965
966 # Croatia
967 # See Europe/Belgrade.
968
969 # Cyprus
970 # Please see the 'asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.
971
972 # Czech Republic / Czechia
973 #
974 # From Paul Eggert (2018-04-15):
975 # The source for Czech data is: Kdy začíná a končí letní čas. 2018-04-15.
976 # https://kalendar.beda.cz/kdy-zacina-a-konci-letni-cas
977 # We know of no English-language name for historical Czech winter time;
978 # abbreviate it as "GMT", as it happened to be GMT.
979 #
980 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
981 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
982 Rule Czech 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
983 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
984 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
985 Rule Czech 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
986 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
987 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
988 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
989 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
990 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 9
991 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1946 Dec 1 3:00
992 # Vanguard section, for zic and other parsers that support negative DST.
993 1:00 -1:00 GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
994 # Rearguard section, for parsers that do not support negative DST.
995 # 0:00 - GMT 1947 Feb 23 2:00
996 # End of rearguard section.
997 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
998 1:00 EU CE%sT
999 # Use Europe/Prague also for Slovakia.
1000
1001 # Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
1002
1003 # From Jesper Nørgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
1004 # http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law
1005 # [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
1006 # The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL
1007 # confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
1008 #
1009 # The EU [actually, EEC and Euratom] treaty with effect from 1973:
1010 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL
1011 #
1012 # This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
1013 # in subsequent decrees with the law
1014 # http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL
1015 #
1016 # It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
1531 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1532 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1533 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1534 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1535 #
1536 # (1993-12-10):
1537 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1538 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1539 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1540 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1541 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1542 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1543 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1544 # might mean something else (???).
1545 #
1546 # From Paul Eggert (2014-11-22):
1547 # The information below is taken from the 1988 Almanak; see
1548 # http://www.almanak.hi.is/klukkan.html
1549 #
1550 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1551 Rule Iceland 1917 1919 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 -
1552 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1553 Rule Iceland 1918 1919 - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1554 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Mar 19 23:00 1:00 -
1555 Rule Iceland 1921 only - Jun 23 1:00 0 -
1556 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 -
1557 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Oct 29 2:00 0 -
1558 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 -
1559 Rule Iceland 1940 1941 - Nov Sun>=2 1:00s 0 -
1560 Rule Iceland 1941 1942 - Mar Sun>=2 1:00s 1:00 -
1561 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1562 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1563 Rule Iceland 1942 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1564 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1565 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 -
1566 # 1949 and 1967 Oct transitions delayed by 1 week
1567 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1568 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1569 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1570 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1571 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:28 - LMT 1908
1572 -1:00 Iceland -01/+00 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1573 0:00 - GMT
1574
1575 # Italy
1576 #
1577 # From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
1578 # Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
1579 # called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
1580 # During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
1581 # But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
1582 # so record only the time in Rome.
1583 #
1584 # From Michael Deckers (2016-10-24):
1585 # http://www.ac-ilsestante.it/MERIDIANE/ora_legale quotes a law of 1893-08-10
2011 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
2012 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2013 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
2014 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2015 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
2016 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2017 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
2018 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
2019 # From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
2020 # in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
2021 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2022 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2023 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
2024 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
2025 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
2026 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
2027 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
2028 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2029 Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
2030 #
2031 # Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13, but the .13 is omitted
2032 # below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
2033 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2034 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835
2035 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
2036 0:20 Neth +0020/+0120 1940 May 16 0:00
2037 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
2038 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
2039 1:00 EU CE%sT
2040
2041 # Norway
2042 # http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &
2043 # Pottenger.
2044 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2045 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
2046 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2047 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
2048 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
2049 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
2050 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
2051 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
2135 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
2136 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2137 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
2138 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
2139 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
2140 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
2141 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2142 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2143 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2144 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
2145 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
2146 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
2147 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
2148 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
2149 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
2150 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
2151 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
2152 1:00 EU CE%sT
2153
2154 # Portugal
2155
2156 # From Paul Eggert (2014-08-11), after a heads-up from Stephen Colebourne:
2157 # According to a Portuguese decree (1911-05-26)
2158 # https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf
2159 # Lisbon was at -0:36:44.68, but switched to GMT on 1912-01-01 at 00:00.
2160 # Round the old offset to -0:36:45. This agrees with Willett....
2161 #
2162 # From Michael Deckers (2018-02-15):
2163 # article 5 [of the 1911 decree; Deckers's translation] ...:
2164 # These dispositions shall enter into force at the instant at which,
2165 # according to the 2nd article, the civil day January 1, 1912 begins,
2166 # all clocks therefore having to be advanced or set back correspondingly ...
2167
2168 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
2169 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
2170 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
2171 #
2172 # Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
2173 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
2174 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
2175 #
2176 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
2177 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
2178 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
2179 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
2180 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
2181 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
2182 # harmonized with EU rules), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
2183 #
2184 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2185 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
2186 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
2187 # Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2230 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
2231 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
2232 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2233 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2234 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2235 # Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
2236 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
2237 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
2238 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
2239 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
2240 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
2241 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
2242 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
2243 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
2244 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2245 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
2246 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
2247 #
2248 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2249 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:45 - LMT 1884
2250 -0:36:45 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 0:00u # Lisbon MT
2251 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2252 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
2253 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2254 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2255 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
2256 0:00 EU WE%sT
2257 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2258 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
2259 -1:54:32 - HMT 1912 Jan 1 2:00u # Horta MT
2260 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2261 -2:00 Port +00 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2262 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2263 -2:00 Port +00 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2264 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2265 -2:00 Port +00 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2266 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2267 -2:00 Port +00 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2268 -2:00 Port -02/-01 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2269 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2270 -1:00 W-Eur -01/+00 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
2271 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
2272 -1:00 EU -01/+00
2273 # This Zone can be simplified once we assume zic %z.
2274 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
2275 -1:07:36 - FMT 1912 Jan 1 1:00u # Funchal MT
2276 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1942 Apr 25 22:00s
2277 -1:00 Port +01 1942 Aug 15 22:00s
2278 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1943 Apr 17 22:00s
2279 -1:00 Port +01 1943 Aug 28 22:00s
2280 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1944 Apr 22 22:00s
2281 -1:00 Port +01 1944 Aug 26 22:00s
2282 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1945 Apr 21 22:00s
2283 -1:00 Port +01 1945 Aug 25 22:00s
2284 -1:00 Port -01/+00 1966 Apr 3 2:00
2285 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
2286 0:00 EU WE%sT
2287
2288 # Romania
2289 #
2290 # From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
2291 # Nine O'clock <http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html>
2292 # (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
2293 # 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
2294 # assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
2295 # the same year as Bulgaria.
2593 # change. (Different newspapers providing different lists. And some
2594 # lists found in the internet are quite wild.)
2595 #
2596 # And apparently some exceptions were reverted in the last moment.
2597 # http://www.kaliningradka.ru/site_pc/cherez/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=40091
2598 # says that Kaliningrad decided not to be an exception 2 days before the
2599 # 1991-03-31 switch and one person at
2600 # https://izhevsk.ru/forum_light_message/50/682597-m8369040.html
2601 # says he remembers that Samara opted out of the 1992-01-19 exception
2602 # 2 days before the switch.
2603 #
2604 #
2605 # From Paul Eggert (2016-03-18):
2606 # Given the above, we appear to be missing some Zone entries for the
2607 # chaotic early 1980s in Russia. It's not clear what these entries
2608 # should be. For now, sweep this under the rug and just document the
2609 # time in Moscow.
2610
2611 # From Vladimir Karpinsky (2014-07-08):
2612 # LMT in Moscow (before Jul 3, 1916) is 2:30:17, that was defined by Moscow
2613 # Observatory (coordinates: 55° 45' 29.70", 37° 34' 05.30")....
2614 # LMT in Moscow since Jul 3, 1916 is 2:31:01 as a result of new standard.
2615 # (The info is from the book by Byalokoz ... p. 18.)
2616 # The time in St. Petersburg as capital of Russia was defined by
2617 # Pulkov observatory, near St. Petersburg. In 1916 LMT Moscow
2618 # was synchronized with LMT St. Petersburg (+30 minutes), (Pulkov observatory
2619 # coordinates: 59° 46' 18.70", 30° 19' 40.70") so 30° 19' 40.70" >
2620 # 2h01m18.7s = 2:01:19. LMT Moscow = LMT St.Petersburg + 30m 2:01:19 + 0:30 =
2621 # 2:31:19 ...
2622 #
2623 # From Paul Eggert (2014-07-08):
2624 # Milne does not list Moscow, but suggests that its time might be listed in
2625 # Résumés mensuels et annuels des observations météorologiques (1895).
2626 # Presumably this is OCLC 85825704, a journal published with parallel text in
2627 # Russian and French. This source has not been located; go with Karpinsky.
2628
2629 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:17 - LMT 1880
2630 2:30:17 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
2631 2:31:19 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 0:00u
2632 3:00 Russia %s 1921 Oct
2633 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2634 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2635 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2636 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2637 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
2638 4:00 - MSK 2014 Oct 26 2:00s
2639 3:00 - MSK
3428 1:00 - CET 1986
3429 1:00 EU CE%sT
3430 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
3431 -1:00 - -01 1946 Sep 30 1:00
3432 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
3433 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 1:00u
3434 0:00 EU WE%sT
3435 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
3436 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
3437
3438 # Sweden
3439
3440 # From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
3441 #
3442 # The law "Svensk författningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
3443 # From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
3444 # places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
3445 # three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
3446 # meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
3447 #
3448 # The observatory at that time had the meridian 18° 03' 30"
3449 # eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
3450 # national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
3451 #
3452 # About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
3453 # författningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
3454 # of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
3455 # the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
3456 # observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
3457 # from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
3458 # 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
3459 # in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
3460 #
3461 # 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk författningssamling 1916, no 124") states
3462 # that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
3463 # pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
3464 # Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
3465 #
3466 # The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
3467 # Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
3468 # not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
3532 # l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
3533 # false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
3534 # by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
3535 #
3536 # The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
3537 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
3538 # Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
3539 #
3540 # The 1940 rules must be deleted.
3541 #
3542 # One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
3543 # most users of tzdata: The [Europe/Zurich zone] ...
3544 # describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
3545 # the Canton de Genève (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneva did not
3546 # follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
3547 # To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
3548 #
3549 # From Alois Treindl (2013-09-11):
3550 # The Federal regulations say
3551 # https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/20071096/index.html
3552 # ... the meridian for Bern mean time ... is 7° 26' 22.50".
3553 # Expressed in time, it is 0h29m45.5s.
3554
3555 # From Pierre-Yves Berger (2013-09-11):
3556 # the "Circulaire du conseil fédéral" (December 11 1893)
3557 # http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10071353
3558 # clearly states that the [1894-06-01] change should be done at midnight
3559 # but if no one is present after 11 at night, could be postponed until one
3560 # hour before the beginning of service.
3561
3562 # From Paul Eggert (2013-09-11):
3563 # Round BMT to the nearest even second, 0:29:46.
3564 #
3565 # We can find no reliable source for Shanks's assertion that all of Switzerland
3566 # except Geneva switched to Bern Mean Time at 00:00 on 1848-09-12. This book:
3567 #
3568 # Jakob Messerli. Gleichmässig, pünktlich, schnell. Zeiteinteilung und
3569 # Zeitgebrauch in der Schweiz im 19. Jahrhundert. Chronos, Zurich 1995,
3570 # ISBN 3-905311-68-2, OCLC 717570797.
3571 #
3572 # suggests that the transition was more gradual, and that the Swiss did not
|